tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61605283559356623502024-03-20T05:37:31.068-07:00peleiaPeleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.comBlogger438125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-84541817165767770632024-03-18T19:00:00.000-07:002024-03-18T19:00:26.465-07:00Lava Jato, 10 anos: se operação nunca tivesse ocorrido, Brasil seria a 3ª maior economia do mundo?<p> </p><div class="article__header" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-height: 1e+06px; max-width: 600px;"><h1 class="article__title" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: Sputnik, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; line-height: 1.05; margin: 0px 0px 15px; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 0px;"><br /></h1><div class="article__info " data-nosnippet="" style="-webkit-box-pack: justify; box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin-bottom: 15px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__info-date" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #878787; font-size: 14px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><a class="" data-unixtime="1710766800" href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240318/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #878787; max-height: 1e+06px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arquivo de notícias">10:00 18.03.2024</a> <span class="article__info-date-modified " data-unixtime="1710782138" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; max-height: 1e+06px;">(atualizado: <span class="date" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px;">14:15 18.03.2024</span>)</span></div></div><div class="article__announce" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative;"><div class="media" data-media-tipe="ar16x9" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative;"><div class="media__size" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="photoview__open" data-photoview-group="33566300" data-photoview-image-id="33566075" data-photoview-sharelink="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240318/10-anos-da-lava-jato-se-operacao-nunca-tivesse-ocorrido-brasil-seria-a-3-maior-economia-do-mundo-33566300.html?share-img=33566075" data-photoview-src="https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e8/03/0e/33566093_0:0:3070:2048_1440x900_80_0_1_ebd6b1048ce18f553f0103c231f80b4c.jpg.webp?source-sid=ap_photo" style="box-sizing: inherit; cursor: zoom-in; max-height: 1e+06px;"><noindex style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px;"></noindex><img alt="Protesto contra a corrupção no Panamá após descoberta de esquema de corrupção que envolvia pagamento de propina pela Odebrecht a políticos locais. Cidade do Panamá, 1º de março de 2017 - Sputnik Brasil, 1920, 18.03.2024" data-source-sid="ap_photo" decoding="async" height="1080" media-type="ar16x9" src="https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e8/03/0e/33566093_0:161:3070:1888_1920x0_80_0_0_ee128bfb8e61f1891117c5dd091e0f89.jpg.webp" srcset="https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e8/03/0e/33566093_0:161:3070:1888_640x0_80_0_0_57f05095dceae71082ccfc72682bf6ba.jpg.webp 640w,https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e8/03/0e/33566093_0:161:3070:1888_1280x0_80_0_0_5b84ad02224d94d95265bdb9a5d0703e.jpg.webp 1280w,https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e8/03/0e/33566093_0:161:3070:1888_1920x0_80_0_0_ee128bfb8e61f1891117c5dd091e0f89.jpg.webp 1920w" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; max-height: 1e+06px; max-width: 100%;" title="Protesto contra a corrupção no Panamá após descoberta de esquema de corrupção que envolvia pagamento de propina pela Odebrecht a políticos locais. Cidade do Panamá, 1º de março de 2017" width="1920" /></div></div><div class="media__copyright " data-nosnippet="" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #878787; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="media__copyright-item m-copyright" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; max-height: 1e+06px;">© AP Photo / Arnulfo Franco</div></div></div></div><div class="article__news-services-subscribe" data-modal-open="subscribe" style="border-radius: 6px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) 0px 0px 6px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 18px; height: 40px; line-height: 41px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-height: 1e+06px; overflow: hidden;"><span class="article__news-services-subscribe-label" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 0px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Nos siga no</span><ul class="article__news-services-subscribe-list" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; list-style: none; 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border-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 43.8281px; left: -6e+06px; margin: 0px; max-height: 1e+06px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 600px; z-index: -100;" title="frame"></iframe><div class="the-in-carousel__stage" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="the-in-carousel__frame" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;"><div class="the-in-carousel__pack" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; max-height: 1e+06px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; position: relative; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; width: 300px;"><div class="the-in-carousel__item m-active" data-item="1" style="box-sizing: inherit; float: left; margin-right: -1px; max-height: 1e+06px; min-height: 1px; width: 300px;"><div class="article__author-item" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; max-height: 1e+06px; vertical-align: top; white-space: initial; width: 300px;"><div class="article__author-wrapper" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; max-height: 1e+06px; max-width: 100%; padding-right: 20px;"><div class="article__author-info" style="-webkit-box-flex: 1; box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 0%; max-height: 1e+06px; max-width: 100%;"><div class="article__author-name" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 5px; max-height: 1e+06px; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s;">Lucas Morais</div><div class="article__author-links" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 8px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><a class="m-color-main" href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/author_morais_lucas/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #ff9600; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 11px; font-weight: 600; margin-right: 0px; max-height: 1e+06px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: top;" title="Todas as matérias">Todas as matérias</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="exclusive" style="background-color: #f05828; border-radius: 20px; box-sizing: inherit; color: white; display: flex; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; height: 19px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 8px; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 0px 8px; white-space: nowrap; width: min-content; word-break: keep-all;">Especiais</div><div class="article__announce-text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Sputnik, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 5px; max-height: 1e+06px;">Era uma segunda-feira de março de 2014 quando a prisão do doleiro Alberto Youssef por pagamento de propina a políticos, empresários e dirigentes da Petrobras dava início a uma das operações mais emblemáticas que já aconteceram no país: a Lava Jato, que durou até 2021. Com ela, o Brasil viveu uma das piores crises político-econômicas da história.</div></div><div class="article__body" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-height: 1e+06px; max-width: 600px;"><div class="article__block" data-type="text" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.3; max-height: 1e+06px;">No início da década de 2010, o Brasil surpreendia o mundo ao se tornar a <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; max-height: 1e+06px;">sexta maior economia do mundo</span>, à frente inclusive do Reino Unido, que chegou a ser a principal potência mundial no século XIX. O panorama era de um país em situação de pleno emprego, <a href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240221/ministro-do-brasil-a-sputnik-brasil-brics-e-uniao-africana-na-guerra-mundial-contra-fome-video-33157415.html" style="background: rgba(255, 150, 0, 0.12); border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #ff9600; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 0px 5px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">longe do Mapa da Fome</a> pela primeira vez na história e com empresas brasileiras cada vez mais presentes na América Latina, África, Ásia, Oriente Médio e até União Europeia e Estados Unidos. Mas um lava-jato de veículos em Brasília dava início a uma reviravolta a partir de 2014: o estabelecimento, apontado como um dos locais que movimentava dinheiro de origem ilegal, <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; max-height: 1e+06px;">batizava uma operação que investigava esquemas de corrupção</span> entre políticos, empreiteiras e a maior empresa do país, a Petrobras.</div></div><div class="article__block" data-type="text" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.3; max-height: 1e+06px;">Ao longo de 79 fases e quase sete anos, a <a href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240307/lava-jato-r-2-bilhoes-voltaram-aos-cofres-publicos-por-multas-e-devolucoes-diz-relatorio-do-stf-33452472.html" style="background: rgba(255, 150, 0, 0.12); border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #ff9600; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 0px 5px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">Lava Jato realizou o cumprimento</a> de mais de mil mandados de busca e apreensão, além de ordens de prisão temporária, prisão preventiva e condução coercitiva, e colocou um ex-presidente atrás das grades: <a href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240308/militares-sempre-tiveram-interferencia-na-politica-brasileira-diz-lula-ao-citar-8-de-janeiro-33464766.html" style="background: rgba(255, 150, 0, 0.12); border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #ff9600; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 0px 5px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a>, que posteriormente teve a condenação revertida por parcialidade do então juiz Sergio Moro no processo judicial. Somado a isso, o Brasil também viu a rota do crescimento inverter, quando o produto interno bruto <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; max-height: 1e+06px;">chegou a cair 3,5% ao longo de dois anos</span>, e ainda o impeachment de Dilma Rousseff.</div></div><div class="article__block" data-article="main-photo" data-type="article" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__article m-image" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) 0px 0px 6px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 20px 0px; max-height: 1e+06px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;"><a class="article__article-image" href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240312/lava-jato-10-anos-da-midiatizacao-aos-interesses-proprios-analista-avalia-impactos-da-operacao-33504877.html" inject-number="1" inject-position="" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; display: block; height: 256px; max-height: 1e+06px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lava Jato, 10 anos: da midiatização aos interesses próprios, analista avalia impactos da operação"><img alt="Então procurador da República, Deltan Dallagnol durante coletiva da força-tarefa da operação Lava Jato, em 2016 - Sputnik Brasil, 1920, 12.03.2024" class="" data-source-sid="folha" data-srcset="https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e6/03/17/21937663_0:410:3073:1639_640x0_80_0_0_7d71b8e65b4e190d670a88baadd50282.jpg.webp 640w,https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e6/03/17/21937663_0:410:3073:1639_1280x0_80_0_0_5f461c1fcaf40121bcc08d9cf37340d4.jpg.webp 1280w,https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e6/03/17/21937663_0:410:3073:1639_1920x0_80_0_0_10c55dc896979093e0a024d3fafb8e6f.jpg.webp 1920w" decoding="async" height="768" media-type="ar10x4" src="https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e6/03/17/21937663_0:410:3073:1639_1920x0_80_0_0_10c55dc896979093e0a024d3fafb8e6f.jpg.webp" srcset="https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e6/03/17/21937663_0:410:3073:1639_640x0_80_0_0_7d71b8e65b4e190d670a88baadd50282.jpg.webp 640w,https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e6/03/17/21937663_0:410:3073:1639_1280x0_80_0_0_5f461c1fcaf40121bcc08d9cf37340d4.jpg.webp 1280w,https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e6/03/17/21937663_0:410:3073:1639_1920x0_80_0_0_10c55dc896979093e0a024d3fafb8e6f.jpg.webp 1920w" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: inherit; height: 256px; max-height: 1e+06px; object-fit: cover; width: 600px;" title="Então procurador da República, Deltan Dallagnol durante coletiva da força-tarefa da operação Lava Jato, em 2016" width="1920" /></a><div class="article__article-desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 12px 20px;"><div class="article__article-rubric" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #ff9600; font-family: Sputnik, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 8px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><a href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/brasil/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #ff9600; max-height: 1e+06px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Notícias do Brasil">Notícias do Brasil</a></div><a class="article__article-title" href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240312/lava-jato-10-anos-da-midiatizacao-aos-interesses-proprios-analista-avalia-impactos-da-operacao-33504877.html" inject-number="1" inject-position="" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; display: block; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 26px; max-height: 1e+06px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lava Jato, 10 anos: da midiatização aos interesses próprios, analista avalia impactos da operação">Lava Jato, 10 anos: da midiatização aos interesses próprios, analista avalia impactos da operação</a></div><div class="article__article-info" data-type="article" style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 18px; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 8px 20px 12px;"><div class="elem-info" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #878787; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative;"><div class="elem-info__date " data-unixtime="1710253256" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px;">12 de março, 11:20</div><div class="elem-info__share" style="bottom: -9px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: absolute; right: -9px; width: 40px;"><div class="share m-active" data-id="33504877" data-title="Lava Jato, 10 anos: da midiatização aos interesses próprios, analista avalia impactos da operação" data-url="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240312/lava-jato-10-anos-da-midiatizacao-aos-interesses-proprios-analista-avalia-impactos-da-operacao-33504877.html" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative; z-index: 150;"><a class="share__more" href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240318/10-anos-da-lava-jato-se-operacao-nunca-tivesse-ocorrido-brasil-seria-a-3-maior-economia-do-mundo-33566300.html?utm_campaign=Br_Newsletter&utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=18.03.2024#" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: block; fill: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: fill 0.1s ease 0s; width: 40px;" title="more"><span class="share__more-mobile" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; width: 40px;"><svg class="svg-icon"><use xlink:href="/i/sprites/package/inline.svg?63#share"></use></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article__block" data-type="text" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.3; max-height: 1e+06px;">O professor de história da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) Pedro Campos avalia à Sputnik Brasil que a operação contribuiu e muito com a <a href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240227/real-30-anos-como-o-plano-evitou-a-dolarizacao-e-garantiu-a-soberania-da-moeda-brasileira-video-33190985.html" style="background: rgba(255, 150, 0, 0.12); border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #ff9600; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 0px 5px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">desindustrialização da economia</a> brasileira e levou à falência um dos setores que mais empregavam no Brasil: a construção civil. Inclusive esse foi um dos motivos que fizeram o país em pouco tempo ver dobrar o número de pessoas desempregadas, que <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; max-height: 1e+06px;">saltou de 7 milhões para 14 milhões</span>.</div></div><div class="article__block" data-type="quote" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__quote" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) 0px 0px 6px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 20px 0px; max-height: 1e+06px; padding-top: 8px;"><div class="article__quote-bg" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: 45px; margin: 0px 20px 4px 10px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative;"><svg class="svg-icon"><use xlink:href="/i/sprites/package/inline.svg?63#quotes" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"></use></svg><div class="article__quote-bg-line" style="background-color: #ff9600; box-sizing: inherit; height: 3px; left: 45px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 21px;"></div></div><div class="article__quote-text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 20px 28px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; max-height: 1e+06px;">"O Brasil chegou a constar como sexta maior economia do mundo. Tínhamos uma valorização na moeda nacional e também um crescimento econômico que chegou a colocar o Brasil na frente do Reino Unido, o que é algo realmente impressionante de pensar, historicamente o que é o Reino Unido, o que é o Brasil, e vínhamos em um processo de crescimento a ponto de, naquele ranking, [ter a expectativa de] ultrapassar em pouco tempo a França e logo em seguida a Alemanha", declarou.</p></div><div class="article__quote-info" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 8px 20px 12px;"><div class="elem-info" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #878787; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative;"><div class="elem-info__share" style="bottom: -9px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: absolute; right: -9px; width: 40px;"><div class="share m-active" data-id="33566300" data-title="&quot;O Brasil chegou a constar como sexta maior economia do mundo. Tínhamos uma valorização na moeda nacional e também um crescimento econômico que chegou a colocar o Brasil na frente do Reino Unido, o que é algo realmente impressionante de pensar, historicamente o que é o Reino Unido, o que é o Brasil, e vínhamos em um processo de crescimento a ponto de, naquele ranking, [ter a expectativa de] ultrapassar em pouco tempo a França e logo em seguida a Alemanha&quot;, declarou." data-url="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240318/10-anos-da-lava-jato-se-operacao-nunca-tivesse-ocorrido-brasil-seria-a-3-maior-economia-do-mundo-33566300.html?share-block=33566305" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative; z-index: 150;"><a class="share__more" href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240318/10-anos-da-lava-jato-se-operacao-nunca-tivesse-ocorrido-brasil-seria-a-3-maior-economia-do-mundo-33566300.html?utm_campaign=Br_Newsletter&utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=18.03.2024#" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: block; fill: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: fill 0.1s ease 0s; width: 40px;" title="more"><span class="share__more-mobile" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; width: 40px;"><svg class="svg-icon"><use xlink:href="/i/sprites/package/inline.svg?63#share"></use></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article__block" data-type="text" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.3; max-height: 1e+06px;">E a euforia sob a economia brasileira embalada pelo <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; max-height: 1e+06px;">preço nas alturas das commodities</span> dava lugar à decepção. "De fato a operação levou a um processo de desvalorização cambial e depressão econômica que fez o Brasil <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; max-height: 1e+06px;">descer de 6ª para 15ª economia</span>. Depois subiu para 10ª e agora finalmente retornou ao grupo das principais economias", ressalta o especialista. Mas, para ele, caso a operação nunca tivesse ocorrido, a possibilidade é que o país viveria um cenário muito mais dinâmico, principalmente para a construção civil, um dos pilares do então crescimento brasileiro.</div></div><div class="article__block" data-type="h2" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 15px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__block-anchor" id="33566300-33566307" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative; top: -70px; visibility: hidden;"></div><h2 class="article__h2" id="33566300-1" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Sputnik, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 25px 0px 0px; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 0px;">O que aconteceu com a Odebrecht?</h2></div><div class="article__block" data-type="text" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.3; max-height: 1e+06px;">Maior construtora do Brasil na época da operação, a Odebrecht era um símbolo da competitividade do país no exterior, com projetos espalhados por todo o mundo. Em 2014, chegou a <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; max-height: 1e+06px;">empregar mais de 160 mil pessoas e faturar US$ 28,5 bilhões</span> (R$ 142,1 bilhões em valores atuais) em um ano. Mas, tal qual <a href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20180309/lava-jato-delfim-netto-10696979.html" style="background: rgba(255, 150, 0, 0.12); border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #ff9600; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 0px 5px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">outras empresas, como Andrade Gutierrez</a>, Queiroz Galvão e OAS, viu a pujança ruir por conta do envolvimento em esquemas de corrupção descobertos pela Lava Jato.</div></div><div class="article__block" data-type="quote" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__quote" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) 0px 0px 6px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 20px 0px; max-height: 1e+06px; padding-top: 8px;"><div class="article__quote-bg" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: 45px; margin: 0px 20px 4px 10px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative;"><svg class="svg-icon"><use xlink:href="/i/sprites/package/inline.svg?63#quotes" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"></use></svg><div class="article__quote-bg-line" style="background-color: #ff9600; box-sizing: inherit; height: 3px; left: 45px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 21px;"></div></div><div class="article__quote-text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 20px 28px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; max-height: 1e+06px;">"Sem sombra de dúvida, a operação Lava Jato interferiu diretamente e atrapalhou o processo de internacionalização das empreiteiras brasileiras no período recente. Então notamos justamente que essas empresas haviam se tornado grupos multinacionais com presença não só no mundo periférico, mas também nas potências tradicionais. Só a Odebrecht tinha mais de 40 obras nos Estados Unidos, obras no continente da Europa Ocidental e em vários outros locais. Porém esse processo, em boa medida, foi interrompido por conta justamente da operação Lava Jato e de todos os processos que a empresa sofreu, com a descapitalização", explica o professor da UFRRJ.</p></div><div class="article__quote-info" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 8px 20px 12px;"><div class="elem-info" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #878787; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative;"><div class="elem-info__share" style="bottom: -9px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: absolute; right: -9px; width: 40px;"><div class="share m-active" data-id="33566300" data-title="&quot;Sem sombra de dúvida, a operação Lava Jato interferiu diretamente e atrapalhou o processo de internacionalização das empreiteiras brasileiras no período recente. Então notamos justamente que essas empresas haviam se tornado grupos multinacionais com presença não só no mundo periférico, mas também nas potências tradicionais. Só a Odebrecht tinha mais de 40 obras nos Estados Unidos, obras no continente da Europa Ocidental e em vários outros locais. Porém esse processo, em boa medida, foi interrompido por conta justamente da operação Lava Jato e de todos os processos que a empresa sofreu, com a descapitalização&quot;, explica o professor da UFRRJ." data-url="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240318/10-anos-da-lava-jato-se-operacao-nunca-tivesse-ocorrido-brasil-seria-a-3-maior-economia-do-mundo-33566300.html?share-block=33566310" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative; z-index: 150;"><a class="share__more" href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240318/10-anos-da-lava-jato-se-operacao-nunca-tivesse-ocorrido-brasil-seria-a-3-maior-economia-do-mundo-33566300.html?utm_campaign=Br_Newsletter&utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=18.03.2024#" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: block; fill: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: fill 0.1s ease 0s; width: 40px;" title="more"><span class="share__more-mobile" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; width: 40px;"><svg class="svg-icon"><use xlink:href="/i/sprites/package/inline.svg?63#share"></use></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article__block" data-type="text" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.3; max-height: 1e+06px;">Segundo o especialista, a empresa, que mudou de nome em 2020, chegou a ser listada pela Engineering News Record, revista norte-americana que faz o ranking das maiores empreiteiras do mundo, como <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; max-height: 1e+06px;">a sexta maior do planeta</span>.</div></div><div class="article__block" data-type="text" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.3; max-height: 1e+06px;">"Era uma empresa corrupta, sim, e, mais grave que isso, ela violava o direito do trabalhador, estava associada à ditadura brasileira e outras coisas gravíssimas. Mas agora, as outras empresas do chamado primeiro mundo são limpas, não pagam comissões e propinas?", questiona, ao apontar que a Lava Jato foi influenciada inclusive por grandes empresas de outros países, que usaram as denúncias de corrupção como arma para praticamente tirar do mapa a concorrência.</div></div><div class="article__block" data-type="text" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.3; max-height: 1e+06px;">"Então, digamos assim, foi bastante positivo que a Odebrecht tivesse sofrido esse processo de denúncia de corrupção para outros<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; max-height: 1e+06px;"> grupos econômicos rivais que concorriam com ela</span> no mercado internacional", acrescenta.</div></div><div class="article__block" data-type="text" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.3; max-height: 1e+06px;">Outro fator que mostra a interferência externa na operação, lembra o professor, foi a colaboração direta do Departamento de Justiça dos Estados Unidos, inclusive com juízes e agentes do sistema de Justiça do Paraná instruídos pelo órgão norte-americano. Bastou pouco mais de um ano para o país entrar em depressão econômica.</div></div><div class="article__block" data-type="quote" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__quote" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) 0px 0px 6px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 20px 0px; max-height: 1e+06px; padding-top: 8px;"><div class="article__quote-bg" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: 45px; margin: 0px 20px 4px 10px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative;"><svg class="svg-icon"><use xlink:href="/i/sprites/package/inline.svg?63#quotes" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"></use></svg><div class="article__quote-bg-line" style="background-color: #ff9600; box-sizing: inherit; height: 3px; left: 45px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 21px;"></div></div><div class="article__quote-text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 20px 28px; max-height: 1e+06px;">"As consequências da operação Lava Jato foram gravíssimas, então o que se deixou de arrecadar é muito maior do que o que supostamente foi devolvido para o Estado mediante os acordos de leniência, mediante todo esse processo de devolução de recursos", conclui.</div><div class="article__quote-info" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 8px 20px 12px;"><div class="elem-info" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #878787; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative;"><div class="elem-info__share" style="bottom: -9px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: absolute; right: -9px; width: 40px;"><div class="share m-active" data-id="33566300" data-title=""As consequências da operação Lava Jato foram gravíssimas, então o que se deixou de arrecadar é muito maior do que o que supostamente foi devolvido para o Estado mediante os acordos de leniência, mediante todo esse processo de devolução de recursos", conclui." data-url="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240318/10-anos-da-lava-jato-se-operacao-nunca-tivesse-ocorrido-brasil-seria-a-3-maior-economia-do-mundo-33566300.html?share-block=33566313" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative; z-index: 150;"><a class="share__more" href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240318/10-anos-da-lava-jato-se-operacao-nunca-tivesse-ocorrido-brasil-seria-a-3-maior-economia-do-mundo-33566300.html?utm_campaign=Br_Newsletter&utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=18.03.2024#" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: block; fill: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: fill 0.1s ease 0s; width: 40px;" title="more"><span class="share__more-mobile" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; width: 40px;"><svg class="svg-icon"><use xlink:href="/i/sprites/package/inline.svg?63#share"></use></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article__block" data-article="main-photo" data-type="article" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__article m-image" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) 0px 0px 6px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 20px 0px; max-height: 1e+06px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;"><a class="article__article-image" href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240313/dez-anos-de-lava-jato-os-impactos-na-sociedade-brasileira-33536980.html" inject-number="2" inject-position="" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; display: block; height: 256px; max-height: 1e+06px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dez anos de Lava Jato: os impactos na sociedade brasileira"><img alt="Jabuticaba Sem Caroço #337 - Sputnik Brasil, 1920, 13.03.2024" class="" data-source-sid="sputnik_infographics" data-srcset="https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e8/03/0d/33537109_0:156:1920:924_640x0_80_0_0_73a6b563070912c1dad66b09a180528e.png.webp 640w,https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e8/03/0d/33537109_0:156:1920:924_1280x0_80_0_0_bd7b5e53bad4f33013e7a60e6644b832.png.webp 1280w,https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e8/03/0d/33537109_0:156:1920:924_1920x0_80_0_0_0194425d80bb24dc858213643aa63a90.png.webp 1920w" decoding="async" height="768" media-type="ar10x4" src="https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e8/03/0d/33537109_0:156:1920:924_1920x0_80_0_0_0194425d80bb24dc858213643aa63a90.png.webp" srcset="https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e8/03/0d/33537109_0:156:1920:924_640x0_80_0_0_73a6b563070912c1dad66b09a180528e.png.webp 640w,https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e8/03/0d/33537109_0:156:1920:924_1280x0_80_0_0_bd7b5e53bad4f33013e7a60e6644b832.png.webp 1280w,https://cdn1.sputniknewsbr.com.br/img/07e8/03/0d/33537109_0:156:1920:924_1920x0_80_0_0_0194425d80bb24dc858213643aa63a90.png.webp 1920w" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: inherit; height: 256px; max-height: 1e+06px; object-fit: cover; width: 600px;" title="Jabuticaba Sem Caroço #337" width="1920" /></a><div class="article__article-desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 12px 20px;"><div class="article__article-rubric" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #ff9600; font-family: Sputnik, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 8px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><a href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/jabuticaba-sem-caroco/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #ff9600; max-height: 1e+06px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jabuticaba Sem Caroço">Jabuticaba Sem Caroço</a></div><a class="article__article-title" href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240313/dez-anos-de-lava-jato-os-impactos-na-sociedade-brasileira-33536980.html" inject-number="2" inject-position="" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; display: block; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 26px; max-height: 1e+06px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dez anos de Lava Jato: os impactos na sociedade brasileira">Dez anos de Lava Jato: os impactos na sociedade brasileira<span class="article__article-icon" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; height: 26px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><svg class="svg-icon"><use xlink:href="/i/sprites/colors/inline.svg?62#audiocolor-" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"></use></svg></span></a></div><div class="article__article-info" data-type="audio" style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 18px; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 8px 20px 12px;"><div class="elem-info" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #878787; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative;"><div class="elem-info__date " data-unixtime="1710352800" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px;">13 de março, 15:00</div><div class="elem-info__share" style="bottom: -9px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: absolute; right: -9px; width: 40px;"><div class="share m-active" data-id="33536980" data-title="Dez anos de Lava Jato: os impactos na sociedade brasileira" data-url="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240313/dez-anos-de-lava-jato-os-impactos-na-sociedade-brasileira-33536980.html" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative; z-index: 150;"><a class="share__more" href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240318/10-anos-da-lava-jato-se-operacao-nunca-tivesse-ocorrido-brasil-seria-a-3-maior-economia-do-mundo-33566300.html?utm_campaign=Br_Newsletter&utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=18.03.2024#" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: block; fill: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: fill 0.1s ease 0s; width: 40px;" title="more"><span class="share__more-mobile" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; width: 40px;"><svg class="svg-icon"><use xlink:href="/i/sprites/package/inline.svg?63#share"></use></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article__block" data-type="h2" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 15px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__block-anchor" id="33566300-33566315" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative; top: -70px; visibility: hidden;"></div><h2 class="article__h2" id="33566300-2" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Sputnik, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 25px 0px 0px; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 0px;">O bolsonarismo teria existido sem a operação?</h2></div><div class="article__block" data-type="text" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.3; max-height: 1e+06px;">O jornalista, cientista político e professor de relações internacionais Bruno Rocha Lima enfatizou à Sputnik Brasil que a operação Lava Jato <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; max-height: 1e+06px;">ajudou a fortalecer a direita brasileira e intensificou a polarização</span>, historicamente ligada às disputas entre PT e PSDB. Além disso, sob o lema de combate à corrupção, ajudou a levar figuras como o hoje <a href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240225/aliados-de-bolsonaro-marcam-presenca-em-ato-para-reivindicar-seu-legado-dizem-analistas-33256305.html" style="background: rgba(255, 150, 0, 0.12); border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #ff9600; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 0px 5px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">ex-presidente Jair Bolsonaro (PL)</a> para o centro do debate no país. "<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; max-height: 1e+06px;">Não acredito que o bolsonarismo existisse como opção política sem a operação</span>, seria impossível. Esse crescimento se aproveitou de um discurso moralista para se projetar. Não haveria esse espaço todo se não tivesse o conluio da grande imprensa", aponta.</div></div><div class="article__block" data-type="text" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.3; max-height: 1e+06px;">Isso ainda levou, conforme o especialista, à queda do <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; max-height: 1e+06px;">projeto de poder ligado à social-democracia</span> liderado pelo PT, além dos então partidos de oposição, como PSDB e DEM (a sigla se fundiu com o PSL e atualmente é o União Brasil) e o MDB, sempre ligado aos governos de turno. "A Petrobras seria muito mais forte, as empresas brasileiras também e o BNDES não teria sido <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; max-height: 1e+06px;">alvo de denúncias horrorosas </span>feitas pela direita […]. Eu entendo que o tema da corrupção deixa de ser um tabu e passa a ser visto como passível de ser combatido [após a operação], mas o governo Bolsonaro aprimora os sistemas de benefícios indiretos, de modo a sempre haver suspeita e nunca evidência", diz.</div></div><div class="article__block" data-type="text" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.3; max-height: 1e+06px;">O doutor em ciência política e professor universitário Rodolfo Marques acrescenta à Sputnik Brasil ainda que a Lava Jato foi trampolim para o então promotor do Ministério Público Federal no Paraná Deltan Dallagnol e Sergio Moro <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; max-height: 1e+06px;">emergirem na carreira política</span>. "Em um primeiro momento, o Moro adere ao bolsonarismo, torna-se ministro de Estado, posteriormente é pré-candidato a presidente da República, mas não consegue apoio partidário. Tem a candidatura ao Senado, é eleito com uma votação muito alta, assim como Deltan Dallagnol também, como deputado federal", alega.</div></div><div class="article__block" data-type="text" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.3; max-height: 1e+06px;">Apesar de ter vencido a <a href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240226/ato-na-paulista-94-acham-que-brasil-vive-ditadura-88-que-bolsonaro-ganhou-eleicao-diz-pesquisa-33271070.html" style="background: rgba(255, 150, 0, 0.12); border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #ff9600; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 0px 5px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">eleição presidencial em 2022</a>, voltando ao poder após seis anos, o especialista acredita que o PT foi o partido mais afetado pela operação, que desde então passou a ter grandes dificuldades em emplacar nomes para os Executivos nos estados e municípios brasileiros.</div></div><div class="article__block" data-type="quote" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__quote" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) 0px 0px 6px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 20px 0px; max-height: 1e+06px; padding-top: 8px;"><div class="article__quote-bg" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: 45px; margin: 0px 20px 4px 10px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative;"><svg class="svg-icon"><use xlink:href="/i/sprites/package/inline.svg?63#quotes" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"></use></svg><div class="article__quote-bg-line" style="background-color: #ff9600; box-sizing: inherit; height: 3px; left: 45px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 21px;"></div></div><div class="article__quote-text" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 20px 28px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; max-height: 1e+06px;">"O PSDB também foi afetado, houve várias lideranças envolvidas nessas investigações, como o Aécio Neves. O ex-presidente Michel Temer teve investigações contra si. Após ele sair do mandato, em 2019, ele teve uma prisão rápida, deflagrada a partir da operação Lava Jato no Rio de Janeiro. Aquela situação ali do quadrilhão do MDB, cujo caso na época estava com o juiz da Lava Jato no Rio de Janeiro, o Marcelo Bretas", finaliza.</p></div><div class="article__quote-info" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 8px 20px 12px;"><div class="elem-info" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #878787; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative;"><div class="elem-info__share" style="bottom: -9px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: absolute; right: -9px; width: 40px;"><div class="share m-active" data-id="33566300" data-title="&quot;O PSDB também foi afetado, houve várias lideranças envolvidas nessas investigações, como o Aécio Neves. O ex-presidente Michel Temer teve investigações contra si. Após ele sair do mandato, em 2019, ele teve uma prisão rápida, deflagrada a partir da operação Lava Jato no Rio de Janeiro. Aquela situação ali do quadrilhão do MDB, cujo caso na época estava com o juiz da Lava Jato no Rio de Janeiro, o Marcelo Bretas&quot;, finaliza." data-url="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240318/10-anos-da-lava-jato-se-operacao-nunca-tivesse-ocorrido-brasil-seria-a-3-maior-economia-do-mundo-33566300.html?share-block=33566320" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative; z-index: 150;"><a class="share__more" href="https://sputniknewsbr.com.br/20240318/10-anos-da-lava-jato-se-operacao-nunca-tivesse-ocorrido-brasil-seria-a-3-maior-economia-do-mundo-33566300.html?utm_campaign=Br_Newsletter&utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=18.03.2024#" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: block; fill: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: fill 0.1s ease 0s; width: 40px;" title="more"><span class="share__more-mobile" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: 40px; max-height: 1e+06px; width: 40px;"><svg class="svg-icon"><use xlink:href="/i/sprites/package/inline.svg?63#share"></use></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article__block" data-type="incision" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: PT_Root_UI, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-height: 1e+06px;"><div class="article__incision m-image" style="box-sizing: inherit; filter: drop-shadow(rgba(32, 33, 36, 0.28) 0px 1px 3px); margin: 20px 0px; max-height: 1e+06px; position: relative;"><div class="article__incision-inner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: inherit; clip-path: polygon(83px 0%, 100% 0%, 100% 100%, 0px 100%, 0px 30px); max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 30px 20px 20px; position: relative;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></div></div></div></div>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-26478858329242045052024-01-23T14:28:00.000-08:002024-01-23T14:28:47.744-08:00Odeio os indiferentes, de Antonio Gramsci<p> </p><h1 class="title" id="page-title" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 2.3em; letter-spacing: -2px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em;"><br /></h1><div class="tabs" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #010101; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div><div class="region region-content" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #010101; font-family: Lora, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 18px;"><div class="block block-system" id="block-system-main" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="content" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px;"><div class="ds-1col node node-article node-promoted node-full view-mode-full clearfix" style="background: none; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"><div class="field field-name-field-deck" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.3em;">A indiferença atua poderosamente na história. O que acontece, não acontece tanto porque alguns querem que aconteça mas porque a massa dos homens abdica da sua vontade. A fatalidade que parece dominar a história não é mais do que a aparência ilusória deste absentismo. Por Antonio Gramsci.</div><div class="group-campo-data field-group-div" id="node-article-full-group-campo-data" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(119, 119, 119); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 20px 0px 35px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 5px;"><div class="field field-name-post-date" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">13 de Janeiro, 2022 - 22:07h</div><div class="field field-name-addtoany" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: right;"><span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_target addtoany_list" id="" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: 32px; outline: 0px; touch-action: manipulation;"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_24 a2a_default_style" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; touch-action: manipulation;"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.esquerda.net/#facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #b90d08; cursor: pointer; float: left; line-height: 16px; 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box-sizing: border-box; clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); display: inline-block; float: none; height: 32px; line-height: 32px; opacity: 1; overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: middle; width: 32px;">Email</span></a></div></span></div></div><div class="required-fields group-imagem-desenvolvimento field-group-html-element" id="node-article-full-group-imagem-desenvolvimento" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-right: 15px; padding: 5px; width: 469.5px;"><div class="field field-name-field-main-image" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="media media--image" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: relative;"><img alt="" class="media__element b-lazy b-loaded" height="314" src="https://www.esquerda.net/sites/default/files/styles/480y/public/imagens/01-2022/2084255522_cb41ea7ccb_c.jpg?itok=djgsiDd8" style="border: 1px solid rgb(239, 239, 239); box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; transition: opacity 500ms ease-in-out 0s; vertical-align: middle;" title="" typeof="foaf:Image" width="495" /></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.6em;">Odeio os indiferentes. Como Friederich Hebbel acredito que "viver significa tomar partido". Não podem existir os apenas homens, estranhos à cidade. Quem verdadeiramente vive não pode deixar de ser cidadão e tomar partido. Indiferença é abulia, parasitismo, cobardia, não é vida. Por isso odeio os indiferentes.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.6em;">A indiferença é o peso morto da história. É a bola de chumbo para o inovador, é a matéria inerte em que se afogam frequentemente os entusiasmos mais esplendorosos, é o fosso que circunda a velha cidade e a defende melhor do que as mais sólidas muralhas, melhor do que o peito dos seus guerreiros, porque engole nos seus sorvedouros de lama os assaltantes, os dizima e desencoraja e às vezes, os leva a desistir de gesta heroica.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.6em;">A indiferença atua poderosamente na história. Atua passivamente, mas atua. É a fatalidade; e aquilo com que não se pode contar; é aquilo que confunde os programas, que destrói os planos mesmo os mais bem construídos; é a matéria bruta que se revolta contra a inteligência e a sufoca. O que acontece, o mal que se abate sobre todos, o possível bem que um ato heroico (de valor universal) pode gerar, não se fica a dever tanto à iniciativa dos poucos que atuam quanto à indiferença, ao absentismo dos outros que são muitos.</p><div class="relacionado-direita" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: right; font-family: "Open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.3; margin-left: 20px; width: 187.797px;"><div class="ds-1col node node-article node-promoted node-teaser view-mode-teaser clearfix" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(211, 215, 217); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 30px; padding-bottom: 15px;"><div class="miniatura-resumo" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.esquerda.net/artigo/130-anos-de-gramsci-o-intelectual-organico/40847" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #b90d08; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" src="https://www.esquerda.net/sites/default/files/styles/manual_crop_350/public/antonio-gramsci-fondatore-de-l-unita.jpg?itok=87LJfhzU&c=b30f04ec7575ec3d512480e132435553" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div><a href="https://www.esquerda.net/artigo/130-anos-de-gramsci-o-intelectual-organico/40847" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #b90d08; text-decoration-line: none;">130 anos de Gramsci, o intelectual orgânico</a></div></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.6em;">O que acontece, não acontece tanto porque alguns querem que aconteça mas porque a massa dos homens abdica da sua vontade, deixa fazer, deixa enrolar os nós que, depois, só a espada pode desfazer, deixa promulgar leis que depois só a revolta fará anular, deixa subir ao poder homens que, depois, só uma sublevação poderá derrubar. A fatalidade, que parece dominar a história, não é mais do que a aparência ilusória desta indiferença, deste absentismo. Há factos que amadurecem na sombra, porque poucas mãos, sem qualquer controle a vigiá-las, tecem a teia da vida coletiva, e a massa não sabe, porque não se preocupa com isso.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.6em;">Os destinos de uma época são manipulados de acordo com visões limitadas e com fins imediatos, de acordo com ambições e paixões pessoais de pequenos grupos ativos, e a massa dos homens não se preocupa com isso. Mas os factos que amadureceram vêm à superfície; o tecido feito na sombra chega ao seu fim, e então parece ser a fatalidade a arrastar tudo e todos, parece que a história não é mais do que um gigantesco fenómeno natural, uma erupção, um terremoto, de que todos são vítimas, o que quis e o que não quis, quem sabia e quem não sabia, quem se mostrou ativo e quem foi indiferente. Estes então zangam-se, queriam eximir-se às consequências, quereriam que se visse que não deram o seu aval, que não são responsáveis. Alguns choramingam piedosamente, outros blasfemam obscenamente, mas nenhum ou poucos põem esta questão: se eu tivesse também cumprido o meu dever, se tivesse procurado fazer valer a minha vontade, o meu parecer, teria sucedido o que sucedeu? Mas nenhum ou poucos atribuem à sua indiferença, ao seu ceticismo, ao facto de não ter dado o seu braço e a sua atividade àqueles grupos de cidadãos que, precisamente para evitarem esse mal, combatiam (com o propósito) de procurar o tal bem (que) pretendiam.</p><div class="relacionado-direita" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: right; font-family: "Open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.3; margin-left: 20px; width: 187.797px;"><div class="ds-1col node node-article node-promoted node-teaser view-mode-teaser clearfix" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(211, 215, 217); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 30px; padding-bottom: 15px;"><div class="miniatura-resumo" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.esquerda.net/artigo/gramsci-um-marxismo-singular-uma-nova-concecao-do-mundo/75971" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #b90d08; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Pintura mural da cara de Gramsci. Foto de Riccardo Cuppini/Flickr." src="https://www.esquerda.net/sites/default/files/styles/manual_crop_350/public/26678986760_08c1c97e4f_c_0.jpg?itok=kNDkuxcp&c=b9281d003c82bd036fe15339b6fb0189" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div><a href="https://www.esquerda.net/artigo/gramsci-um-marxismo-singular-uma-nova-concecao-do-mundo/75971" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #b90d08; text-decoration-line: none;">Gramsci: um marxismo singular, uma nova conceção do mundo</a></div></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.6em;">A maior parte deles, porém, perante factos consumados prefere falar de insucessos ideais, de programas definitivamente desmoronados e de outras brincadeiras semelhantes. Recomeçam assim a falta de qualquer responsabilidade. E não por não verem claramente as coisas, e, por vezes, não serem capazes de perspetivar excelentes soluções para os problemas mais urgentes, ou para aqueles que, embora requerendo uma ampla preparação e tempo, são todavia igualmente urgentes. Mas essas soluções são belissimamente infecundas; mas esse contributo para a vida coletiva não é animado por qualquer luz moral; é produto da curiosidade intelectual, não do pungente sentido de uma responsabilidade histórica que quer que todos sejam ativos na vida, que não admite agnosticismos e indiferenças de nenhum género.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.6em;">Odeio os indiferentes também, porque me provocam tédio as suas lamúrias de eternos inocentes. Peço contas a todos eles pela maneira como cumpriram a tarefa que a vida lhes impôs e impõe quotidianamente, do que fizeram e sobretudo do que não fizeram. E sinto que posso ser inexorável, que não devo desperdiçar a minha compaixão, que não posso repartir com eles as minhas lágrimas. Sou militante, estou vivo, sinto nas consciências viris dos que estão comigo pulsar a atividade da cidade futura que estamos a construir. Nessa cidade, a cadeia social não pesará sobre um número reduzido, qualquer coisa que aconteça nela não será devido ao acaso, à fatalidade, mas sim à inteligência dos cidadãos. Ninguém estará à janela a olhar enquanto um pequeno grupo se sacrifica, se imola no sacrifício. E não haverá quem esteja à janela emboscado e pretenda usufruir do pouco bem que a atividade de um pequeno grupo tenta realizar e afogue a sua desilusão vituperando o sacrificado, porque não conseguiu o seu intento.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.6em;">Vivo, sou militante. Por isso odeio quem não toma partido, odeio os indiferentes.</p><hr style="border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; box-sizing: border-box; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px;" /><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.6em;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Texto originalmente publicado em </em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">La Città Futura, </em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">a </em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">11 </em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">de fevereiro de </em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">1917. </em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Traduzido por P</em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">edro Celso Uchôa Cavalcanti </em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">para </em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">o <a class="ext" href="https://www.marxists.org/portugues/index.htm" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Marxists Internet Archive</span></span><span class="ext" style="background: url("/sites/all/modules/extlink/extlink_s.png") 2px center no-repeat; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; height: 10px; padding-right: 12px; text-decoration-line: none; width: 10px;"><span class="element-invisible" style="box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important;">(link is external)</span></span></a></em></p><div><div class="region region-content" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #010101; font-family: Lora, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 18px;"><div class="block block-system" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="content" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px;"><div class="ds-1col node node-article node-promoted node-full view-mode-full clearfix" style="background: none; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"><div class="field field-name-body" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.6em;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a class="ext" href="https://www.marxists.org/portugues/index.htm" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><br /></a></em></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><p></p></div></div></div></div></div>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-78179511998293089182023-12-25T19:41:00.000-08:002023-12-25T19:41:56.668-08:00<p> </p><div id="main" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: #373737; font-family: Rubik, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 1.625em 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="primary" style="border: 0px; float: right; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px -264px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1000px;"><div id="content" role="main" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 76px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"><article class="post-80835 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-meus-livros tag-politica" id="post-80835" style="border-bottom: none; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; padding: 4.875em 0px 0px; position: relative;"><header class="entry-header" style="margin: 0px auto; width: 584.266px;"><h1 class="entry-title" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 36px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 48px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 15px 0px 0.3em; vertical-align: baseline;">“Armadilha do Identitarismo” de Yascha Mounk</h1><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: #666666; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; left: 0px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 1;"><span class="sep" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Posted on </span><a href="https://fernandonogueiracosta.wordpress.com/2023/12/22/resenha-do-melhor-livro-do-ano-armadilha-do-identitarismo-de-yascha-mounk/" rel="bookmark" style="border: 0px; color: #1470b7; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="8:00">22/12/2023</a></div></header><div class="entry-content" style="border: 0px; counter-reset: footnotes 0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: 0px; padding: 1.625em 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 584.266px;"><figure class="wp-block-image size-large" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><a href="https://fernandonogueiracosta.files.wordpress.com/2023/12/armadilha-do-identitarismo.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #1470b7; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-80836" data-attachment-id="80836" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-caption="" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="armadilha-do-identitarismo" data-large-file="https://fernandonogueiracosta.files.wordpress.com/2023/12/armadilha-do-identitarismo.jpg?w=584" data-medium-file="https://fernandonogueiracosta.files.wordpress.com/2023/12/armadilha-do-identitarismo.jpg?w=212" data-orig-file="https://fernandonogueiracosta.files.wordpress.com/2023/12/armadilha-do-identitarismo.jpg" data-orig-size="1414,2000" data-permalink="https://fernandonogueiracosta.wordpress.com/2023/12/22/resenha-do-melhor-livro-do-ano-armadilha-do-identitarismo-de-yascha-mounk/armadilha-do-identitarismo/" height="1024" sizes="(max-width: 724px) 100vw, 724px" src="https://fernandonogueiracosta.files.wordpress.com/2023/12/armadilha-do-identitarismo.jpg?w=724" srcset="https://fernandonogueiracosta.files.wordpress.com/2023/12/armadilha-do-identitarismo.jpg?w=724 724w, https://fernandonogueiracosta.files.wordpress.com/2023/12/armadilha-do-identitarismo.jpg?w=106 106w, https://fernandonogueiracosta.files.wordpress.com/2023/12/armadilha-do-identitarismo.jpg?w=212 212w, https://fernandonogueiracosta.files.wordpress.com/2023/12/armadilha-do-identitarismo.jpg?w=768 768w, https://fernandonogueiracosta.files.wordpress.com/2023/12/armadilha-do-identitarismo.jpg 1414w" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 6px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="724" /></a></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yascha Mounk estrutura seu livro, escolhido como o Melhor de 2023 por <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Economist, Financial Times e Prospect Magazine</em>, “A Armadilha da Identidade: uma História de Ideias e Poder em Nosso Tempo” [<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Identity Trap: A Story of Ideas and Power in Our Time</em>. New York: Penguin Press, 2023.] em quatro partes, além da Introdução. A primeira, <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Origens da Síntese da Identidade</em>, possui quatro capítulos; a segunda, <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vitória da Síntese da Identidade</em>, com três; a terceira, <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Falhas da Síntese da Identidade</em>, tem seis capítulos; a quarta, <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Em Defesa do Universalismo</em>, dois capítulos.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A Conclusão, <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Como Escapar da Armadilha da Desigualdade</em>, pode ser considerada um capítulo final com quatro tópicos. Acrescenta também um Apêndice explicativo: <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">por qual razão a Síntese de Identidade não é marxista</em>. O livro interessará não só aos ativistas de esquerda, mas a todos os leitores cultos com interesse de conhecer o debate político contemporâneo no mundo ocidental.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="more-80835" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ele não é só “politicamente correto” para o debate público em todo o mundo, em especial para os simpatizantes da ideologia de esquerda. Ele é preventivo contra uma tendência equivocada já observada por grupos de pressão nas Universidades em busca de favorecimento sem maior esforço nos estudos. Por isso, eu o resenho aqui como um incentivo à sua leitura e divulgação de suas ideias.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Por ser bastante didático, é uma leitura relativamente fácil – e sintética caso o leitor deseje fazer uma <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">leitura dinâmica</em>. Esta deve ser o primeiro contato com o livro. O que sugere o título? Será possível adivinhar seu conteúdo só com essa informação? Qual tipo de mensagem ou ideia poderá estar contida nas suas páginas?</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">leitura ativa</em> consiste em se fazer essas perguntas e ver se são respondidas pelo título ou pela leitura do Prefácio ou Introdução, onde o autor justifica suas razões para escrever o livro. Um bom Sumário costuma mostrar o fio-condutor do livro.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Se você tem familiaridade com o assunto, ao ver quem o autor cita, já terá uma ideia do tipo de <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">orientação teórica</em> <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ou ideológica</em> seguida. Antes de ler todo o livro, uma boa ideia é ler rapidamente o capítulo introdutório. Nele, o autor alinha as ideias com o objetivo de as desenvolver no texto. Costuma ser um guia para aquilo adiante. Em geral, não antecipa as conclusões.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yascha Mounk facilita a leitura do seu livro não só com uma Introdução geral, mas tem outras em suas quatro partes. Lista, no fim de cada capítulo, as Principais Conclusões.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vou tentar resumir esse guia de leitura. Inicialmente, registra: “todos os quatro dos meus avós foram mandados para a prisão por causa das suas crenças comunistas durante as décadas de 1920 ou 1930”. Depois, eles se convenceram de novos governos de esquerda tornariam o mundo um lugar melhor – conseguindo <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">superar os preconceitos e os ódios tribais</em>.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Adotaram, vivendo na Europa, um credo reformista de <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">socialdemocracia</em>. Este tentava humanizar o capitalismo, misturando-lhe um estado de bem-estar social.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A missão histórica da esquerda consistia em expandir o círculo de simpatia humana através das fronteiras da família, tribo, religião e etnia. Estar à esquerda era acreditar em:</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. os humanos são igualmente importantes, independentemente do grupo ao qual pertencem;</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. devemos procurar formas de solidariedade política transcendentes às identidades de grupo enraizadas na raça ou na religião; e</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. podemos fazer uma causa comum na busca de ideais universais como justiça e igualdade.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Esse é o <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">esquerdismo universalista</em> com o qual Mounk foi criado. Mas já não é a corrente dominante da esquerda hoje. Em vez disso, ao longo das últimas cinco décadas, tornou-se uma marca de muitos movimentos de esquerda o fato de rejeitarem a existência de uma verdade objetiva ou a esperança de uma sociedade mais harmoniosa outrora inspiradora.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hoje, esquerdistas infantis abraçam orgulhosamente o apelo da etnicidade e da religião, em vez de serem céticos em relação à força destrutiva de tais identidades de grupo. Até mesmo rejeitam a própria possibilidade de pessoas de diferentes países e culturas possam algum dia vir a compreender-se verdadeiramente.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Na parte I, Mounk procura descobrir a história por trás dessa transformação. Por que a esquerda abandonou o seu universalismo e abraçou uma nova forma de tribalismo?</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A mudança identitária da esquerda não é simplesmente uma forma de “marxismo cultural” como ele mostra no capítulo 1. Para compreender o surgimento da <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">síntese identitária</em>, regressa ao seu ímpeto original em Paris nas décadas de 1950 e 1960.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Os principais teóricos “pós-modernos”, entre os quais Michel Foucault, estavam antes impregnados de ideias comunistas. Depois, o núcleo da filosofia insurgente passou a consistir na <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">rejeição de todas as “grandes narrativas”</em>, entre as quais, o marxismo.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Essa rejeição das grandes narrativas levou os teóricos pós-modernos a tornarem-se profundamente céticos em relação às reivindicações de <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">verdade objetiva</em> e de <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">valores universais</em>. Levou-os a rejeitar categorias de identidade como “mulher” ou “proletário”.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Foucault argumentou contra a noção generalizada de as sociedades democráticas terem se tornado mais humanistas no tratamento dispensado aos criminosos, aos doentes mentais ou às minorias sexuais. Na realidade, as sociedades apenas encontraram formas mais sofisticadas de controlar o comportamento dos aberrantes.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Os filósofos tradicionalmente assumiam as instituições formais, como os Estados, exercerem <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">o poder de cima para baixo</em>. Foucault argumentou as sociedades modernas exercerem o controle social de uma forma mais sútil ou molecular com “discursos” informais determinantes de <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">o que as pessoas devem pensar e/ou podem fazer</em>.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dedutivamente, isto colocou em dúvida se uma revolução contra as relações de poder estatal poderia algum dia, de fato, <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">libertar as pessoas</em>. As revoluções fracassaram nisso…</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">O <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pós-modernismo</em>, com o seu ataque às verdades antes supostas universais, proporcionou uma ferramenta fundamental para as ex-colônias. Abandonaram as antigas tradições dos colonizadores de cujo eurocentrismo desconfiavam.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Contra a natureza apolítica do pós-modernismo, resolveram colocar a análise do discurso em uso explicitamente político, remodelando os discursos dominantes de forma a ajudar diretamente os oprimidos. Com a adoção do “essencialismo estratégico”, politicamente <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">útil</em> (assumido como fosse “correto”), os ativistas encorajaram as pessoas a organizarem-se com base nas suas identidades de grupo.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">O movimento pelos direitos civis transformou os Estados Unidos ao abolir a maioria das formas pelas quais as leis e instituições discriminavam os afro-americanos. Mas as vitórias legais não se traduziram em mudanças igualmente radicais.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ativistas começaram a culpar o quadro moral básico do movimento pelos direitos civis, com a sua ênfase no <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">universalismo</em>. Teriam errado ao fazer da “dessegregação” o principal objetivo da reforma escolar. Contrapuseram a “segregação reparadora”!</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">teoria crítica da raça</em> negava os princípios morais universais ajudarem a provocar um progresso político genuíno. O aparente progresso da Era dos Direitos Civis revelou-se uma função do interesse racial dos brancos. O racismo americano nunca se atenuaria.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">O conceito de “interseccionalidade” captou como a legislação existente sobre discriminação não conseguiu reconhecer os desafios enfrentados pelas <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mulheres negras</em>. Não se reduziam a sofrer os problemas das mulheres brancas e dos homens negros.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">De acordo com os defensores de um sentido mais amplo de <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">interseccionalidade</em>, os membros de diferentes grupos de identidade nunca conseguem compreender plenamente as experiências uns dos outros. Como diferentes formas de opressão se reforçam, mutuamente, a eficácia de ativismo contra uma injustiça específica também precisa de combater todas as outras formas de opressão baseadas na identidade.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Desde a década de 1960, partes da esquerda americana prestaram atenção crescente às questões sociais ligadas à opressão com base na raça, gênero e sexualidade. Quando a União Soviética entrou em colapso, em 1991, <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a esquerda superou a luta de classes</em> e tornou-se cada vez mais focada em <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">questões de cultura e identidade</em>.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Esta transformação foi ainda mais acelerada pelo surgimento de um novo conjunto de departamentos acadêmicos dedicados ao <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">estudo de questões de identidade</em>, tais como estudos de gênero, de mídia, afro-americanos, latinos e estudos sobre deficiência.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gradualmente, a tripla influência do <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pós-modernismo</em>, do <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pós-colonialismo</em> e da <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">teoria racial crítica</em> deu origem a uma “síntese de identidade”. Esta <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">nova ideologia</em> foi definida por sete temas principais:</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. a rejeição da existência de uma verdade objetiva;</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. a utilização de uma forma de análise do discurso para fins explicitamente políticos;</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. uma adoção do <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">essencialismo estratégico</em>;</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4. um profundo pessimismo sobre a possibilidade de superar o racismo ou outras formas de intolerância;</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5. uma preferência por políticas públicas com distinção explícita dos cidadãos com base no grupo ao qual pertencem;</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6. uma adoção da <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">interseccionalidade</em> como estratégia de organização política; e</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">7. um profundo <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ceticismo</em> quanto à capacidade dos membros de diferentes grupos comunicarem entre si.</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Paradoxalmente, muitos dos pensadores, com obras inspiradoras da <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">síntese da identidade,</em> expressaram sérias dúvidas sobre a forma como o próprio trabalho transformou a esquerda – e se lamentam…</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Leia a Resenha Completa</strong> <strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">em</strong>:</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://fernandonogueiracosta.files.wordpress.com/2023/12/fernando-n.-costa-armadilha-do-identitarismo-uma-resenha-dez-2023.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #1470b7; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="FERNANDO N. COSTA - Armadilha do Identitarismo Uma Resenha - dez 2023">Fernando Nogueira da Costa – <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Armadilha do Identitarismo: Uma Resenha</em> – dez 2023</a></p><div class="sharedaddy sd-rating-enabled sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled" id="jp-post-flair" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0.5em 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="sd-block sd-rating" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h3 class="sd-title" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: inline-block; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 0.1em; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">CLASSIFIQUE ISTO:</h3><div id="pd_rating_holder_1229323_post_80835" style="border: 0px; 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box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0px 1px 2px; cursor: default; left: -102px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px;" width="68" /><span class="fn" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">erton birk Teixeira</span> em <a href="https://fernandonogueiracosta.wordpress.com/2023/12/22/resenha-do-melhor-livro-do-ano-armadilha-do-identitarismo-de-yascha-mounk/#comment-50389" style="border: 0px; color: #1470b7; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">26/12/2023 às 0:35</a> <span class="says" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">disse:</span></div><em class="comment-awaiting-moderation" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">O seu comentário aguarda moderação.</em><br /></footer><div class="comment-content" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Falta desenvolver mais. Identitarismo está “matando” a luta da esquerda.</p></div><div class="reply" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-label="Responder a erton birk Teixeira" class="comment-reply-link" data-belowelement="comment-50389" data-commentid="50389" data-postid="80835" data-replyto="Responder a erton birk Teixeira" data-respondelement="respond" href="https://fernandonogueiracosta.wordpress.com/2023/12/22/resenha-do-melhor-livro-do-ano-armadilha-do-identitarismo-de-yascha-mounk/?replytocom=50389#respond" rel="nofollow" style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; color: #666666; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 8px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Comentar <span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;">↓</span></a></div></article></li></ol><div class="comment-respond" id="respond" style="background: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(211, 211, 211); font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px auto 15px; max-width: 75%; outline: 0px; padding: 1.625em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 584.266px;"><h3 class="comment-reply-title" id="reply-title" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 15px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Deixe uma Resposta<small style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></small></h3><form 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unset; transform-origin: unset; transform-style: unset; transform: scale(0); transition: unset; translate: unset; user-select: unset; vector-effect: unset; vertical-align: unset; visibility: unset; white-space: unset; widows: unset; width: unset; will-change: unset; word-break: unset; word-spacing: unset; writing-mode: unset; x: unset; y: unset; z-index: unset; zoom: unset;" type="checkbox" /><span class="verbum-toggle-control__button" style="-webkit-box-align: unset; -webkit-box-decoration-break: unset; -webkit-box-direction: unset; -webkit-box-flex: unset; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: unset; -webkit-box-orient: unset; -webkit-box-pack: unset; -webkit-box-reflect: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: unset; -webkit-highlight: unset; -webkit-line-break: unset; -webkit-line-clamp: unset; -webkit-locale: unset; -webkit-mask-box-image: unset; -webkit-mask-composite: unset; -webkit-mask: unset; -webkit-print-color-adjust: unset; -webkit-rtl-ordering: unset; -webkit-ruby-position: unset; 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text-emphasis-position: unset; text-emphasis: unset; text-indent: unset; text-orientation: unset; text-overflow: unset; text-rendering: unset; text-shadow: unset; text-size-adjust: unset; text-transform: unset; text-underline-offset: unset; text-underline-position: unset; touch-action: unset; transform-box: unset; transform-origin: unset; transform-style: unset; transform: unset; transition: unset; translate: unset; user-select: unset; vector-effect: unset; vertical-align: unset; visibility: unset; white-space: unset; widows: unset; width: unset; will-change: unset; word-break: unset; word-spacing: unset; writing-mode: unset; x: unset; y: unset; z-index: unset; zoom: unset;"><span class="text" role="radio" style="align-items: center; backdrop-filter: none; background-color: transparent; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: none; color: var(--verbum-font-color); display: flex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 12px; transition: background-color 0.16s linear 0s, color 0.16s linear 0s, font-weight 60ms linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></label><input aria-checked="false" aria-hidden="true" disabled="" id="daily" name="frequency-toggle" style="-webkit-box-align: unset; -webkit-box-decoration-break: unset; -webkit-box-direction: unset; -webkit-box-flex: unset; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: unset; -webkit-box-orient: unset; -webkit-box-pack: unset; -webkit-box-reflect: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: unset; -webkit-highlight: unset; -webkit-line-break: unset; -webkit-line-clamp: unset; -webkit-locale: unset; -webkit-mask-box-image: unset; -webkit-mask-composite: unset; -webkit-mask: unset; -webkit-print-color-adjust: unset; -webkit-rtl-ordering: unset; -webkit-ruby-position: unset; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: unset; -webkit-text-combine: unset; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: unset; -webkit-text-fill-color: unset; -webkit-text-orientation: 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" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></source><img alt="Por que os EUA nunca podem dizer não a Israel?" class="media__item lazyautosizes lazyloaded" data-sizes="auto" data-src="https://mf.b37mrtl.ru/files/2023.12/xxs/6578a2ef85f54011742cfd6d.jpg" sizes="594px" src="https://mf.b37mrtl.ru/files/2023.12/xxs/6578a2ef85f54011742cfd6d.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 300ms ease 0s; width: 594.391px;" /></picture></div><div class="media__footer media__footer_bottom " style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 594.391px;"><div class="media__title media__title_arcticle" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #999999; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.28571em; margin: 10px 0px 0.714286em; padding: 0px;"><span data-role="title" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">O primeiro-ministro de Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu (E), cumprimenta o presidente dos EUA, Joe Biden, em Tel Aviv, em 18 de outubro de 2023 </span><span data-role="copyright-symbol" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">© </span><span data-role="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Brendan SMIALOWSKI / AFP</span></div></div></div><div class="article__text text " style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Archivo, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">8 de dezembro de 2023 é um dia que viverá na infâmia. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Os Estados Unidos fizeram história da pior espécie ao utilizar o seu assento permanente no Conselho de Segurança da ONU para </span></span><a href="https://www.rt.com/news/588774-gaza-un-usa/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a6aa6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">vetar</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> uma resolução que apelava a um cessar-fogo imediato em Gaza. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">A resolução foi avançada pelos Emirados Árabes Unidos (um parceiro dos EUA) e apoiada por mais de 90 estados membros. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Também teve apoio preponderante na “câmara alta” privilegiada da organização global, o Conselho de Segurança, onde 13 dos seus </span></span><a href="https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/current-members" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a6aa6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">15 membros</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> eram a favor (enquanto o Reino Unido se absteve, abdicando novamente da sua soberania em favor dos EUA).</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">O veto americano desafiou diretamente o secretário-geral da ONU, Antonio Guterres. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Não sendo um rebelde nato, o chefe da ONU utilizou um procedimento raramente utilizado para promover o cessar-fogo, colocando a sua autoridade em risco. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Referindo-se ao Artigo 99 do Capítulo 15 da Carta das Nações Unidas, ele já deu a entender que </span></span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“a paz e a segurança internacionais”</em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> estavam em perigo. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">O seu porta-voz foi explícito que Guterres estava a tomar uma </span></span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“medida constitucional dramática”. </em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Embora mantendo o equilíbrio diplomático ao destacar também o ataque do Hamas a Israel, a carta de Guterres ao Conselho de Segurança descreveu o sofrimento catastrófico dos palestinianos sob o ataque israelita em curso e concluiu que </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“nenhum lugar”</em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> era </span><a href="https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sg_letter_of_6_december_gaza.pdf?_gl=1*1qqk4f5*_ga*NTU0MzIyMTEzLjE3MDIyMjAzNzE.*_ga_S5EKZKSB78*MTcwMjIyMDM3MC4xLjEuMTcwMjIyMjYxMy41LjAuMA..*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcwMjIyMDM3MC4xLjEuMTcwMjIyMTI1MS4wLjAuMA.." rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a6aa6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">seguro em Gaza</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Tudo em vão. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Os EUA não puderam ser influenciados e mantiveram o seu apoio incondicional de facto a Israel, mesmo enquanto este último conduz um </span></span><a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/11/12/genocide-in-gaza-a-call-for-urgent-global-action" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a6aa6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">ataque genocida</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> intensificado a Gaza e à sua </span><a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a6aa6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">população</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> civil . </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Isto já não está em debate e também não é segredo; </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Os líderes israelitas têm feito repetidamente declarações que assinalam o tipo de intenção que é um elemento crucial no crime de genocídio, enquanto as suas acções e as das suas forças no terreno falam ainda mais alto do que as suas palavras.</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">O mundo tomou nota. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Não foi necessário nenhum preconceito especial para a liderança palestiniana – aquela derivada da OLP, bem como do Hamas – identificar o veto como </span></span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“desastroso”</em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> e </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">“uma vergonha e mais um cheque em branco dado ao Estado ocupante para massacrar, destruir e </span></span><a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/9/double-standards-world-reacts-to-us-vetoing-unsc-gaza-resolution" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a6aa6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">deslocar</span></span></a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> . ” </span></span></em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">A China e a Rússia denunciaram a duplicidade de critérios americana e a </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“sentença de morte”</em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> que Washington proferiu às futuras vítimas palestinianas do ataque israelita.</span></p><div class="read-more read-more__right" data-has-alias="" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; float: right; font-size: 0.666667em; margin: 10px 0px 20px 3em; max-width: 330px; min-width: 280px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 330px;"><a class="read-more__link" href="https://www.rt.com/news/588796-palestinian-president-us-accomplice-genocide-gaza/" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none !important; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: 18px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><picture style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><source data-srcset="
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" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></source><img alt="EUA 'cúmplice do genocídio' em Gaza – Palestina" class="read-more__cover lazyautosizes lazyloaded" data-sizes="auto" data-src="https://mf.b37mrtl.ru/files/2023.12/xxs/6574707e2030276f335c205c.jpg" sizes="330px" src="https://mf.b37mrtl.ru/files/2023.12/xxs/6574707e2030276f335c205c.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 300ms ease 0s; width: 330px;" /></picture><span class="read-more__footer_small" style="background: linear-gradient(0deg, rgb(0, 0, 0), transparent); bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; margin: 0px; max-height: 100%; padding: 10px; position: absolute;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">LEIA MAIS:</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> EUA ‘cúmplice do genocídio’ em Gaza – Palestina</span></span></a></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">A Amnistia Internacional afirma que Washington </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“exerceu descaradamente e transformou o seu veto em arma para fortalecer o Conselho de Segurança da ONU… minando a sua credibilidade”</em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> e demonstrando um </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“desrespeito insensível pelo sofrimento civil face a um número impressionante de mortos”. </em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Os Médicos Sem Fronteiras também não mediram palavras, acusando os EUA de estarem </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">“sozinhos ao votarem contra a </span></span><a href="https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf-calls-us-veto-gaza-ceasefire-resolution-vote-against-humanity" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a6aa6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">humanidade</span></span></a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> ”,</span></span></em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> sendo a América </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“cúmplice na carnificina em Gaza”</em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> e minando não só a sua própria credibilidade, mas também a do direito humanitário internacional. </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Craig Mokhiber – uma autoridade em direito internacional e ex-chefe do escritório do Alto Comissariado da ONU para os Direitos Humanos em Nova Iorque – </span><a href="https://x.com/CraigMokhiber/status/1733239174843507077?s=20" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a6aa6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">twittou</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> que </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“na véspera do 75º aniversário da Convenção do Genocídio, os EUA vetaram novamente um cessar-fogo no Conselho de Segurança da ONU. Conselho… demonstrando a sua cumplicidade adicional no #genocídio na #Palestina.”</em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Esta lista de censuras e condenações poderia ser prolongada quase ad infinitum, especialmente se somarmos vozes do Sul Global. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">O ponto-chave, no entanto, já deveria estar claro: os EUA estão isolados e desonrados pela sua própria decisão, facilmente evitável – ou pelo menos assim parece. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Afinal de contas, esta não foi uma votação a pedir justiça e restituição para as vítimas, ou – pereça esse pensamento radical! </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">– para processar os perpetradores. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Tudo o que se tratava era o mínimo dos mínimos, apenas um cessar-fogo, nem mesmo um acordo de paz. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ainda assim, isso era pedir demais aos EUA.</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Os historiadores não gostam de fazer previsões, mas aqui está a minha previsão de historiador: nenhuma das opções acima desaparecerá ou assumirá uma tonalidade mais suave. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">O que os EUA fizeram em 8 de Dezembro nunca parecerá </span></span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“compreensível”</em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> ou tão </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“complexo”</em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> que pessoas decentes não o condenem. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Isto, pelo contrário, fornecerá um exemplo duradouro daquilo que tantos americanos professam amar: clareza moral. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">E essa clareza encontrará um ato indesculpável, absoluto e, sim, maligno que permanecerá conhecido na história humana exatamente como isso.</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Os futuros historiadores perguntarão como isso aconteceu. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Como poderia a nação mais poderosa do mundo, que afirma liderar não só pela força </span></span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">, mas também por “valores”,</em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> ficar do lado dos perpetradores israelitas de um crime tão escandaloso e aberto, ao mesmo tempo que contraria abertamente grande parte da comunidade internacional? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Alguns até farão a pergunta mais cínica como é que a América, mesmo que as suas elites sejam totalmente desprovidas de ética, poderia causar tantos danos a si própria.</span></span></p><div class="read-more" data-has-alias="" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; float: left; font-size: 0.666667em; margin: 10px 3em 20px 0px; max-width: 330px; min-width: 280px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 330px;"><a class="read-more__link" href="https://www.rt.com/news/588789-china-us-veto-ceasefire-hypocrisy/" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none !important; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: 18px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><picture style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><source data-srcset="
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" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></source><img alt="Veto dos EUA à resolução de cessar-fogo em Gaza é ‘hipocrisia’ – China" class="read-more__cover lazyautosizes lazyloaded" data-sizes="auto" data-src="https://mf.b37mrtl.ru/files/2023.12/xxs/657439f1203027106218b7b6.jpg" sizes="330px" src="https://mf.b37mrtl.ru/files/2023.12/xxs/657439f1203027106218b7b6.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 300ms ease 0s; width: 330px;" /></picture><span class="read-more__footer_small" style="background: linear-gradient(0deg, rgb(0, 0, 0), transparent); bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; margin: 0px; max-height: 100%; padding: 10px; position: absolute;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">LEIA MAIS:</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> Veto dos EUA à resolução de cessar-fogo em Gaza é ‘hipocrisia’ – China</span></span></a></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">A resposta mais simples e quase técnica a esta questão tem a ver com uma ironia histórica. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">A América deve o seu poder de veto – como um dos cinco membros permanentes do Conselho de Segurança – ao que aconteceu na Segunda Guerra Mundial. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">E embora a Segunda Guerra Mundial e o Holocausto alemão contra os judeus (principalmente) da Europa não sejam a mesma coisa, fazem parte da mesma história. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Muito orgulho dos EUA foi investido em estar entre as potências que derrubaram a Alemanha, o estado perpetrador do Holocausto. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">E, no entanto, aqui estamos: os mesmos EUA estão agora a usar esse mesmo veto não só para proteger outro Estado genocida, mas para ajudá-lo a continuar o seu crime.</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Existem, é claro, razões mais amplas para este grande fracasso americano. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Muitos já foram discutidos antes. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Israel desempenha a função de posto avançado imperial e de aplicação da lei no Médio Oriente e, por vezes, noutros locais. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Como o atual presidente dos EUA, Joe Biden – que agora é frequentemente tendência no X como #GenocideJoe – afirmou em 1986, quando ainda era um senador ambicioso e indulgente, se não existisse Israel, a América teria de inventar </span></span><a href="https://theconversation.com/biden-says-the-u-s-would-have-to-invent-an-israel-if-it-didnt-exist-why-210172" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a6aa6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">um</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Deixemos de lado que mesmo a insensível realpolitik por detrás de tal pensamento é falha: se alguma vez foi um trunfo, Israel está a transformar-se num passivo. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Notemos apenas que a elite americana afirma acreditar que Israel é tão útil que o compromisso com ele deve ser, nas palavras da Vice-Presidente Kamala Harris, </span></span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“firme”.</em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Mas assim foi apenas para a Ucrânia, por assim dizer, ontem. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">E, no entanto, Kiev está prestes a ser abandonada, como aconteceu com tantos clientes norte-americanos antes. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">O que torna Israel diferente? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">É claramente o </span></span><a href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2023-10-10/how-much-aid-does-the-u-s-give-to-israel" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a6aa6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">principal beneficiário</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> de longa data do apoio financeiro e militar dos EUA. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Então é uma falácia de custos irrecuperáveis? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Estarão os Estados Unidos tão excessivamente comprometidos com Israel que simplesmente não vão desistir?</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">No entanto, esta hipótese não explica a impressionante unilateralidade da relação EUA-Israel. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Se alguma vez houve um caso de abanar o cão, é este: uma coisa que o veto americano à resolução de cessar-fogo em Gaza mostra é que é Israel quem domina a política externa dos EUA, e não o contrário. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Caso contrário, Washington teria procurado encontrar um compromisso entre preservar a sua própria credibilidade e interesses, permitindo que pelo menos esta resolução muito modesta fosse aprovada, ao mesmo tempo que apoiava Israel de múltiplas outras formas.</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Claramente, uma coisa que está a determinar esta dependência americana de outro país, muito mais pequeno, é o enorme sucesso das operações </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/may/17/pro-israel-lobby-defeat-democrats-palestinians-2022" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a6aa6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">de lobbying</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> e de influência estrangeira em nome de Israel. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Na verdade, foi Israel quem executou o ataque mais invasivo e eficaz à política dos EUA na história. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">E para evitar quaisquer mal-entendidos: observar este facto óbvio não tem nada a ver com </span></span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“anti-semitismo”. </em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Na verdade, tentar difamar aqueles que ousam levantar o assunto com essa acusação faz parte do modo como funciona essa operação de influência. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">É hora de desconsiderar totalmente esses truques baratos.</span></span></p><div class="read-more read-more__right" data-has-alias="" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; float: right; font-size: 0.666667em; margin: 10px 0px 20px 3em; max-width: 330px; min-width: 280px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 330px;"><a class="read-more__link" href="https://www.rt.com/news/588820-us-un-gaza-erdogan/" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none !important; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: 18px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><picture style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><source data-srcset="
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" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></source><img alt="Membro da OTAN critica EUA por bloquearem resolução de paz em Gaza" class="read-more__cover lazyautosizes lazyloaded" data-sizes="auto" data-src="https://mf.b37mrtl.ru/files/2023.12/xxs/65756f7920302766f82d4cf5.jpg" sizes="330px" src="https://mf.b37mrtl.ru/files/2023.12/xxs/65756f7920302766f82d4cf5.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 300ms ease 0s; width: 330px;" /></picture><span class="read-more__footer_small" style="background: linear-gradient(0deg, rgb(0, 0, 0), transparent); bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; margin: 0px; max-height: 100%; padding: 10px; position: absolute;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">LEIA MAIS:</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> Membro da OTAN critica EUA por bloquearem resolução de paz em Gaza</span></span></a></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Acrescente uma evidência histórica: sabemos, pelo registro empírico do passado, que as coisas podem ser muito diferentes, porque já foram. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Vários exemplos poderiam ser apresentados para mostrar que a América, durante décadas, foi parcial mas não submissa a Israel.</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">O caso mais óbvio é a ocupação de Gaza por Israel durante a Crise de Suez de 1956. Embora este aspecto desta fracassada guerra de mudança de regime israelita (e britânica e francesa) contra o Egipto esteja agora quase esquecido, Israel também ocupou Gaza durante vários meses antes de ser forçado a partir (voltar, claro, em 1967). </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Também nessa altura, as forças israelitas cometeram vários crimes, incluindo massacres de prisioneiros e civis, como descreveu em detalhe o historiador israelita Benny Morris (de forma alguma amigo dos palestinianos). </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Mas naquela altura, sob o presidente republicano Dwight 'Ike' Eisenhower, os EUA tinham uma política externa que podia confrontar e contrariar Israel.</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Além disso, a intervenção dura e decisiva de Eisenhower contra Israel e os seus aliados europeus estava alinhada com a resposta soviética da altura. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">No mínimo, aqui estava um presidente americano duro e conservador (e, claro, ex-líder militar do mais alto escalão) que não era tão fóbico em relação </span></span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">aos “russos”</em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> que excluísse quaisquer interesses coincidentes.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Se ao menos pudéssemos regressar, pelo menos, a um mundo onde os americanos pudessem esquecer um pouco a sua obsessão pela Rússia quando pensam na influência estrangeira no seu país e concentrar essa preocupação onde ela importa, nomeadamente em Israel. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Se, além disso, pudessem pensar um pouco </span></span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">mais</em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> na Rússia como um parceiro viável – pelo menos ocasionalmente – na ajuda à resolução de crises internacionais graves, estaríamos todos muito melhor. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Poderemos até conseguir impedir um genocídio aqui ou ali.</span></span></p></div>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-28360518461928054462023-07-16T15:11:00.000-07:002023-07-16T15:11:04.968-07:00Morre ícone do estilo anglo-francês – mídia<p> <span style="background-color: black; color: #999999; font-family: Archivo, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; white-space: nowrap;">16 de julho de 2023 12:56</span></p><div class="layout__content " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Archivo, sans-serif; font-size: 10.001px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1536px; padding: 0px 2em 3em;"><div class="Grid-root" style="-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1576px; padding: 0px;"><section class="Grid-container Grid-isWrap m-0x10 m-10" style="-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; margin: 0px -10px 10px; padding: 0px;"><div class="Grid-block Grid-is2to3-xs_is1to1 " style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-width: 66.6667%; padding: 0px; width: 1010.66px;"><div class="p-0x10" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px;"><div class="article " style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="article__text text " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">A cantora e atriz Jane Birkin morreu em Paris aos 76 anos após lutar contra uma série de problemas de saúde, de acordo com reportagens da mídia neste domingo.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">O Le Parisien disse que a artista franco-britânica, que emergiu como um ícone de estilo na década de 1960 por seus looks chiques boêmios e popularizou a lendária bolsa Hermes Birkin, foi </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> motivos de saúde. </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“Sempre fui muito otimista e percebo que ainda preciso de um tempinho para poder me apresentar no palco novamente e com vocês”,</em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> disse ela na época.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">A atriz sofreu um AVC em 2021 e já passou por tratamento após ser diagnosticada com leucemia em 2002.</span></p><br /><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Nascido em Londres em 1946, Birkin mudou-se para a França na década de 1960. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Na mesma época, ela se interessou pelo cinema, incluindo um papel pequeno, mas escandaloso, no thriller de Michelangelo Antonioni 'Blowup'. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Após seu primeiro casamento com o compositor John Barry, ela conheceu o cantor Serge Gainsbourg, considerado uma das figuras mais importantes do pop francês.</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Juntos, eles formaram uma dupla icônica, mais famosa pela música 'Je t'aime… Moi non plus', que na época causou alvoroço por sua explicitação sexual e foi banida por rádios de vários países. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Em 1976, Gainsbourg dirigiu Birkin em um filme erótico de mesmo nome, pelo qual foi indicada ao prêmio Cesar de Melhor Atriz.</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">O estilo de moda natural e descontraído de Birkin, caracterizado como uma mistura de peças de designers sofisticados e itens mais casuais, teve uma forte influência na indústria, com grandes nomes como Yves Saint Laurent e Givenchy se inspirando nela.</span></p></div></div></div></div></section></div></div>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-26597856292578805582023-07-16T14:54:00.002-07:002023-07-16T14:54:15.102-07:00Como a China escapou da terapia de choque - Isabella M. Weber<p> <span style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px;">Primeira obra da economista Isabella Weber, </span><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Como a China escapou da terapia de choque</em><span style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px;"> (Editora Boitempo) é uma análise original e fecunda das reformas econômicas que moldaram o caminho da China ao longo das últimas décadas. Fruto de extensa pesquisa e uma quantidade substantiva de entrevistas, o livro apresenta as ações que permitiram ao país asiático seguir o caminho da reindustrialização gradual e chegar ao século XXI como uma das principais potências mundiais.</span></p><span style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px;"> </span><br style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px;">Weber busca compreender e explicar ao leitor o sucesso das reformas de mercado na China, enfatizando seu caráter plural, situando as diversas tendências e concepções na longa história do pensamento econômico chinês e ocidental. A autora também envereda pela discussão de longa data a respeito do controle estatal de preços, tanto na milenar história chinesa quanto nas tentativas recentes em outros países, no contexto da Segunda Guerra Mundial.</span><br style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px;"> </span><br style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px;">Com foco na encruzilhada econômica dos anos 1980, a obra apresenta o trajeto econômico chinês a partir da não adesão à “terapia de choque” neoliberal, caminho traçado pelos países da antiga União Soviética. Weber oferece, ainda, uma perspectiva inédita sobre o modelo econômico da China e suas contínuas contestações internas e externas. Resultado disso, </span><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Como a China escapou da terapia de choque</em><span style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px;"> ganhou dois importantes prêmios em 2021, quando foi lançado nos Estados Unidos, e integrou a lista de melhores livros do ano do </span><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Financial Times</em><span style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px;">.</span><br style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px;"> </span><br style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px;">“A China contemporânea está profundamente integrada ao capitalismo global. No entanto, o estonteante crescimento chinês não levou o país à completa convergência institucional com o neoliberalismo. Isso desafia o triunfalismo do pós-Guerra Fria, que previa a ‘vitória incondicional do liberalismo econômico e político’ em todo o mundo. A era da revolução terminou em 1989. No entanto, isso não resultou na aguardada universalização do modelo econômico ‘ocidental’. Acontece que a mercantilização gradual facilitou o crescimento econômico da China sem que isso a levasse à assimilação generalizada. A tensão entre a ascensão da China e essa assimilação parcial define nosso momento atual e encontra suas origens na abordagem das reformas de mercado pela China”, conta a autora na introdução da obra.</span><br style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px;"> </span><br style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Trecho</u></strong><br style="font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: bitterfont; font-size: 21px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />“O que estava em jogo no debate da reforma de mercado é ilustrado pelo contraste entre a ascensão da China e o colapso econômico da Rússia. A terapia de choque – a prescrição política quintessencialmente neoliberal – havia sido aplicada na Rússia, o outro ex-gigante do socialismo de Estado. O prêmio Nobel Joseph Stiglitz atesta ’um nexo causal entre as políticas da Rússia e seu fraco desempenho‘. As posições da Rússia e da China na economia mundial inverteram-se desde que implementaram modos diferentes de entrada no mercado. A participação da Rússia no Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) mundial caiu quase pela metade – de 3,7% em 1990 para cerca de 2% em 2017 –, enquanto a participação da China aumentou quase seis vezes – de apenas 2,2% para cerca de um oitavo da produção global. A Rússia passou por uma desindustrialização dramática, enquanto a China se tornou a notória oficina do capitalismo mundial. A renda média real de 99% dos russos foi menor em 2015 que em 1991, enquanto na China, apesar do rápido aumento da desigualdade, esse número mais que quadruplicou no mesmo período, superando o da Rússia em 2013. Como resultado da terapia de choque, a Rússia teve um aumento de mortalidade acima de qualquer experiência anterior em um país industrializado em tempos de paz.”</em>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-52341119830005344812023-01-23T16:15:00.001-08:002023-01-23T16:15:46.629-08:00Relevâncias N: Tentativa de golpe fascista contra os Três Poderes...<a href="https://relevanciasn.blogspot.com/2023/01/tentativa-de-golpe-fascista-contra-os.html?spref=bl">Relevâncias N: Tentativa de golpe fascista contra os Três Poderes...</a>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-25726142635330411682023-01-23T16:13:00.001-08:002023-01-23T16:13:22.726-08:00Altamiro Borges: Metade dos golpistas já saiu da cadeia<a href="https://altamiroborges.blogspot.com/2023/01/metade-dos-golpistas-ja-saiu-da-cadeia.html?spref=bl">Altamiro Borges: Metade dos golpistas já saiu da cadeia</a>: Por Altamiro Borges Os fanáticos bolsonaristas, que clamam por ditadura militar, amam a tortura e rosnam contra os direitos humanos, deram s...Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-58138878457361832972023-01-23T16:11:00.004-08:002023-01-23T16:11:56.154-08:00Afinal, dá para saber se o ovo está estragado sem quebrar a casca?<p> <span style="color: #2bd603; font-family: LibreFranklin, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-transform: uppercase;">ALIMENTAÇÃO</span></p><span style="background-color: white; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: LibreFranklin, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"></span><div class="article-title u-margin-top" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: Asap; font-size: 2.53333rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.21; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px !important; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></div><div class="article-subtitle" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nutricionista indica as melhores formas de conservar o alimento para que ele não estrague com facilidade</div><div class="mvn-list-specialist u-margin-top" data-v-app="" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: LibreFranklin, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px !important; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="specialists-list" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="specialists-list-wrapper" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="grid" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: grid; font: inherit; gap: 2rem; grid-template-columns: repeat(12, 1fr); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="is-12 is-6-desk mvn-list-specialist-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; grid-column: auto / span 6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="card card-specialist is-borderless is-horizontal is-small" style="border-radius: 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; font: inherit; height: auto; margin: 0px; min-height: 70px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 299.5px;"><picture class="card-specialist-media" style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 70px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 70px;"><img loading="lazy" src="https://static1.minhavida.com.br/specialists/16/29/4d/fe/lucia-endriukaite-user_small-1.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 70px;" /></picture><div class="card-specialist-data" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 85px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="profile is-borderless is-horizontal is-small" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="profile-wrapper" style="align-items: flex-start; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="profile-data no-margin" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 147.641px;"><span class="profile-for" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2f2f2f; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Especialista consultado</span><a class="profile-title cat-1-color" href="https://www.minhavida.com.br/especialistas/39875-lucia-endriukaite" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2bd603; fill: rgb(43, 214, 3); font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="profile-name" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.933333rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dra. Lúcia Endriukaite</span></a><span class="profile-job" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2f2f2f; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nutrição</span><span class="profile-phone" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2f2f2f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CRN 32346/SP</span></div></div></div></div><p class="card-text card-specialist-text" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7b7b7b; display: -webkit-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.6; margin: 10px 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: baseline;">Formada pela Faculdade de Nutrição-Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, especialista em Fitoterapia pela ASBRAN com Pós-grad...</p><a class="is-info cat-1-color-border cat-1-color card-specialist-link xXx" href="https://www.minhavida.com.br/especialistas/39875-lucia-endriukaite" style="border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2bd603; display: block; fill: rgb(43, 214, 3); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.933333rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: 1.21; margin: 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 20px;">i</a></div></div></div><div class="is-12 is-6-desk mvn-list-specialist-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; grid-column: auto / span 6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="card card-specialist is-borderless is-horizontal is-small" style="border-radius: 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; font: inherit; height: auto; margin: 0px; min-height: 70px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 299.5px;"><picture class="card-specialist-media" style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 70px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 70px;"><img loading="lazy" src="https://static1.minhavida.com.br/authors/a4/92/26/0f/vl8zujitxzhcfa7lqczpzbvwmccr4nofad6xipzn-user_small-1.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 70px;" /></picture><div class="card-specialist-data" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 85px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="profile is-borderless is-horizontal is-small" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="profile-wrapper" style="align-items: flex-start; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="profile-data no-margin" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 128.344px;"><span class="profile-for" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2f2f2f; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Escrito por</span><a class="profile-title cat-1-color" href="https://www.minhavida.com.br/autor/113" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2bd603; fill: rgb(43, 214, 3); font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="profile-name" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.933333rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ananda Silva</span></a><span class="profile-job" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2f2f2f; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Redação MinhaVida</span></div></div></div></div><p class="card-text card-specialist-text" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7b7b7b; display: -webkit-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.6; margin: 10px 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: baseline;">Redatora entusiasta de beleza e nutrição, autora de reportagens sobre alimentação, receitas saudáveis e cuidados pessoais.</p><a class="is-info cat-1-color-border cat-1-color card-specialist-link xXx" href="https://www.minhavida.com.br/autor/113" style="border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2bd603; display: block; fill: rgb(43, 214, 3); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.933333rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: 1.21; margin: 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 20px;">i</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mvn-social-share is-mobile" data-v-app="" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: LibreFranklin, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div class="article-main-media" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: LibreFranklin, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 33px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><picture style="box-sizing: border-box;"><source media="(min-width: 1024px)" srcset="https://static1.minhavida.com.br/articles/3f/6f/94/dc/como-saber-se-o-ovo-esta-estragado-article-1.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></source><img alt="Como saber se o ovo está estragado?" loading="lazy" src="https://static1.minhavida.com.br/articles/3f/6f/94/dc/como-saber-se-o-ovo-esta-estragado-article_m-1.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></picture><figcaption class="editor-image-caption" style="border: 0px; bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; left: 5px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 1px 1px 1px; vertical-align: baseline;">Getty Images - Jackyenjoyphotography</figcaption></div><span class="article-meta article-meta--date1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2f2f2f; display: block; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.29; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Publicado em 6 de janeiro de 2023</span><div class="editor cat-1-color-links cat-1-marker" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: LibreFranklin, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 660px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 629px;"><p class="editor-paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px; line-height: 1.63; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">Consumir um <a class="cat-1-color" href="https://www.minhavida.com.br/alimentacao/ingredientes/3152-ovo" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2bd603; fill: rgb(43, 214, 3); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ovo</a> estragado pode causar diversos problemas de saúde, entre eles uma forte <a class="cat-1-color" href="https://www.minhavida.com.br/saude/temas/intoxicacao-alimentar" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2bd603; fill: rgb(43, 214, 3); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">intoxicação alimentar</a>. A boa notícia é que isso é raro de acontecer, já que é possível perceber quando este alimento está próprio para o consumo ou não.</p><div class="container is-gapless is-grey u-visible-desk" style="background-color: whitesmoke; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1024px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="mvn-announcement mvn-announcement--position-content-inside" style="align-items: center; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 30px 0px; min-height: 270px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="mvn-announcement__container mvn-announcement__container--placeholder" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px 15px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 2;"><div class="mvn-announcement__placeholder" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #b1b1b1; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 8px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">PUBLICIDADE</div><div class="mvn-announcement__content" data-device="all" data-google-query-id="CMrbuLr03vwCFU4iuQYdH1EPXA" data-keywords="%7B%22npos%22%3A%5B%221%22%5D%7D" data-position="incontent" id="dfp-content-inside-01" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="google_ads_iframe_/21636860837/MinhaVida/Content/Site_7__container__" style="border: 0pt none; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">Casca deteriorada, cheiros e cores fortes, diferentes do padrão, costumam ser algumas das principais características físicas do</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.16px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ovo estragado</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">. Porém, muita gente já foi pega de surpresa ao abrir um ovo direto na frigideira e perceber que ele estava podre — mesmo que, por fora, ele aparentasse estar normal.</span></div></div></div></div></div><p class="editor-paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px; line-height: 1.63; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">Então, será que existe alguma maneira de saber que o alimento não está bom para o consumo sem precisar quebrar a casca? E como você pode evitar que ele estrague depois de comprado? Confira a seguir:</p><h3 class="editor-header-3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.2rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.14px; line-height: 1.86; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Como identificar um ovo estragado?</h3><p class="editor-paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px; line-height: 1.63; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">De acordo com a nutricionista do Instituto Ovos Brasil, Lúcia Endriukaite, além do forte odor e das cores diferentes da gema e da clara, quando o ovo está estragado, <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sua casca fica extremamente porosa</span>, permitindo trocas gasosas entre o conteúdo interno e seu exterior. </p><div class="container is-gapless is-grey" style="background-color: whitesmoke; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1024px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="mvn-announcement mvn-announcement--position-content-inread" style="align-items: center; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 30px 0px; min-height: 250px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="mvn-announcement__container mvn-announcement__container--placeholder" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px 15px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 629px; z-index: 2;"><div class="mvn-announcement__placeholder" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #b1b1b1; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 8px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">PUBLICIDADE</div><div class="mvn-announcement__content" data-device="all" data-google-query-id="CPem5LT03vwCFcYSuQYdRmkPeA" data-keywords="%7B%22npos%22%3A%5B%221%22%5D%7D" data-position="inread" id="dfp-content-inread-01" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="sm-it-main-container" data-device="desktop" data-index="0" data-it="3bdbe225-2581-4205-afd0-2f3f81b898cb" id="sm-it-main-container-1674518761416" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; height: 359.25px; margin: 10px auto 20px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 479px;"><div class="sm-alternative" data-device="desktop" data-index="0" data-it="3bdbe225-2581-4205-afd0-2f3f81b898cb" id="sm-alternative-1674518761416" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; height: 250px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 239.5px; max-height: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 179.625px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); vertical-align: baseline; width: 300px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px; text-align: left;">De fato, é difícil de reconhecer por fora quando o ovo está começando a estragar. Para esses casos, segundo a especialista, uma boa dica para identificar a qualidade do ovo é</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.16px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">colocá-lo na água</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px; text-align: left;">: se o ovo estiver fresco, irá afundar; caso ele esteja mais envelhecido, irá flutuar, podendo estar impróprio para consumo.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px; text-align: left;">Portanto, a nutricionista recomenda que o</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.16px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">ovo seja quebrado em um recipiente separado</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px; text-align: left;">antes de ser adicionado à receita. “Isso porque não é possível avaliá-lo totalmente sem que ele seja quebrado. É recomendado sempre abri-lo à parte, nunca adicionando-o direto na receita ou na frigideira”, afirma. </span></div></div></div></div></div></div><h3 class="editor-header-3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.2rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.14px; line-height: 1.86; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Como armazenar os ovos da maneira correta?</h3><p class="editor-paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px; line-height: 1.63; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">Além desse cuidado ao utilizar o ovo, é fundamental saber armazenar o alimento de forma adequada para que ele dure mais e não estrague com facilidade. Afinal, o ovo é um <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">produto perecível</span> que exige cautela em sua conservação para não oferecer riscos à saúde.</p><div class="container is-gapless is-grey" style="background-color: whitesmoke; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1024px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="mvn-announcement mvn-announcement--position-content-inside" style="align-items: center; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 30px 0px; min-height: 270px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="mvn-announcement__container mvn-announcement__container--placeholder" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px 15px 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 2;"><div class="mvn-announcement__placeholder" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #b1b1b1; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 8px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #3c3c3c; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px; text-align: left;">O ideal é não deixá-lo ao sol e não armazená-lo em lugares quentes, preferindo locais frescos e arejados. Ele também não deve ser armazenado próximo a produtos com cheiro, como desinfetantes, produtos químicos e inseticidas”, instrui a especialista.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #3c3c3c; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px; text-align: left;">O local correto de armazenamento dos ovos ainda divide muitas opiniões: enquanto alguns preferem deixá-los na geladeira, outros acreditam que conservá-los em uma despensa, por exemplo, pode ser a melhor solução. Para Lúcia, o refrigerador é o mais indicado — com uma ressalva!</span></div></div></div></div><p class="editor-paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px; line-height: 1.63; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">“Acredita-se que a variação de temperatura que o ovo sofre na porta da geladeira com o ‘abre e fecha’ constante pode favorecer a deterioração do alimento. Portanto, o local ideal para armazenamento é um local limpo, fresco e arejado, preferencialmente na <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">parte interna da geladeira</span>”, indica a nutricionista. </p><p class="editor-paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px; line-height: 1.63; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">Outra recomendação é <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">manter a embalagem junto com os ovos</span>, para que seja possível verificar as datas. Isso porque a validade do alimento pode variar de acordo com os processos pelos quais ele passou. A depender do fabricante, a <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">validade média do ovo é de até três meses</span>.</p><p class="editor-paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: LibreFranklin; font-size: 1.06667rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.16px; line-height: 1.63; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">Vale ressaltar ainda que <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">lavar o ovo antes de armazená-lo acelera seu processo de envelhecimento</span>, pois retira uma película fina que envolve a casca e facilita a entrada de microrganismos. “O ovo deve ser higienizado somente no momento se der utilizado; este procedimento reduz o risco de contaminações”, explica a nutricionista.</p></div>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-37221404675528784132022-10-31T16:58:00.004-07:002022-10-31T16:58:46.281-07:00Resultado Eleitoral em 2022<p> </p><h1 class="m_-4685960118399711148post-name" style="background-color: white; color: #2d3338; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, blinkmacsystemfont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 40px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0px 0px 16px;"><br /></h1><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; color: #101517; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, blinkmacsystemfont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; width: 640px;"><tbody><tr><td style="margin: 0px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 32px; margin-top: 16px; width: 640px;"><tbody><tr><td style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;" width="64"><img class="CToWUd" data-bit="iit" height="48" src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/9envytq3xtVQly73d_cAYMkd7HiRTrCShvmw-YPosynKnIV5FMH6NHo0zqqzl3SgQPqU3aiwAFP9t3Z2P3A4AQ7fWn3USRVgeXL94dXqznQAsjpgGWcLS9HVU4dmreomwQllEG87x7Io607pTcUI6VRcACphQ6WhpWMI7ctZRg=s0-d-e1-ft#http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/337852d2825b642e47c4b45f096ff4a4?s=96&d=http%3A%2F%2Fs0.wp.com%2Fi%2Fmu.gif&r=G" style="border-radius: 24px; border: none; display: block; height: 48px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 48px;" width="48" /></td><td style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><p style="color: #101517; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 1.35; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fernando Nogueira da Costa</p><p style="color: #646970; line-height: 1.35; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Oct 31</p></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><figure style="clear: both; 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box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin-bottom: 24px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom;" /></a></figure></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-72637159286013551272022-10-26T17:57:00.004-07:002022-10-26T17:57:58.365-07:00 A revolução militar como origem da modernidade<p><br /></p><figure class="wp-block-image size-large" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 30px;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-12432" data-attachment-id="12432" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-caption="" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="img_1462" data-large-file="https://arlindenor.files.wordpress.com/2022/08/img_1462.jpg?w=720" data-medium-file="https://arlindenor.files.wordpress.com/2022/08/img_1462.jpg?w=300" data-orig-file="https://arlindenor.files.wordpress.com/2022/08/img_1462.jpg" data-orig-size="1000,750" data-permalink="https://arlindenor.com/2022/08/07/canhoes-e-capitalismo-robert-kurz/img_1462/" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" src="https://arlindenor.files.wordpress.com/2022/08/img_1462.jpg?w=1000" srcset="https://arlindenor.files.wordpress.com/2022/08/img_1462.jpg 1000w, https://arlindenor.files.wordpress.com/2022/08/img_1462.jpg?w=150 150w, https://arlindenor.files.wordpress.com/2022/08/img_1462.jpg?w=300 300w, https://arlindenor.files.wordpress.com/2022/08/img_1462.jpg?w=768 768w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom;" /></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;">Há numerosas versões do nascimento da era moderna. Nem mesmo quanto à data os historiadores se põem de acordo. Uns fazem a modernidade ter início já nos séculos 15 e 16, com o chamado Renascimento (um conceito que só foi inventado no século 19 por Jules Michelet, como demonstrou o historiador francês Lucien Febvre). Outros vêem a verdadeira ruptura, o descolar da modernidade, só no século 18, quando a filosofia do Iluminismo, a Revolução Francesa e o início da industrialização abalaram o mundo. Mas qualquer que seja a data preferida pelos historiadores e filósofos modernos para o nascimento de seu próprio mundo, numa coisa eles concordam: quase sempre conquistas positivas são tomadas como os impulsos originais. </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;">Consideram-se razões proeminentes para a ascensão da modernidade tanto as inovações artísticas e científicas do Renascimento italiano quanto as grandes viagens de descobrimento desde Colombo, a idéia protestante e calvinista da auto-responsabilidade do indivíduo, a libertação iluminista da superstição irracional e o surgimento da democracia moderna na França e nos EUA. No âmbito técnico-industrial, também é lembrada a invenção da máquina a vapor e do tear mecânico como “tiro de largada” do desenvolvimento social moderno. </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;">Esta última explicação foi ressaltada sobretudo pelo marxismo, pelo fato de se harmonizar com a doutrina filosófica do “materialismo histórico”. O verdadeiro motor da história, afirma esta doutrina, é o desenvolvimento das “forças produtivas” materiais, que repetidamente entram em conflito com as “relações de produção” tornadas muito restritas e obrigam a uma nova forma de sociedade. Por isso, para o marxismo o ponto decisivo da transformação é a industrialização: a máquina a vapor, assim diz a fórmula simplificada, teria sido a primeira a romper as “correntes das antigas relações feudais de produção”. </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;">Aqui salta aos olhos uma contradição gritante no argumento marxista. Pois no famoso capítulo sobre a “acumulação primitiva do capital”, Marx ocupa-se em sua obra magna de períodos que remontam a séculos antes da máquina a vapor. Não será isso uma auto-refutação do “materialismo histórico”? Se a “acumulação primitiva” e a máquina a vapor acham-se tão afastados em termos históricos, as forças produtivas da indústria não podem ter sido a causa decisiva para o nascimento do capitalismo moderno. É verdade que o modo de produção capitalista só se impôs em definitivo com a industrialização do século 19, mas, se buscarmos pelas raízes do desenvolvimento, teremos de cavar mais fundo. </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;">Também é lógico que o primeiro germe da modernidade, ou o “big bang” de sua dinâmica, tivesse de surgir de um meio ainda em boa parte pré-moderno, pois de outro modo não poderia ser uma “origem” no sentido rigoroso da palavra. Assim, a “primeira causa” muito precoce e a “consolidação plena” muito tardia não representam uma contradição<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">. </span>Se também é verdade que para muitas regiões do mundo e para muitos grupos sociais o início da modernização prolonga-se até o presente, é igualmente certo que o primeiríssimo impulso há de ter ocorrido num passado remoto, caso se considere a enorme extensão temporal (da prespectiva da vida de uma geração ou mesmo de uma pessoa isolada) dos processos sociais. </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;">O que era afinal, num passado relativamente distante, o novo, que na sequência engendrou de forma inevitável a história da modernização? Pode-se conceder plenamente ao materialismo histórico que a maior e principal relevância não coube à simples mudança de idéias e mentalidades, mas ao desenvolvimento no plano dos fatos materiais concretos. Não foi porém a força produtiva, mas pelo contrário uma retumbante força destrutiva que abriu caminho à modernização, a saber, a <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">invenção das armas de fogo</em>. Embora essa correlação há muito seja conhecida, nas mais célebres e consequentes teorias da modernização (inclusive o marxismo), sempre lhe foi dada pouca importância.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;">Foi o historiador da economia alemão Werner Sombart que, significativamente pouco antes da Primeira Guerra Mundial, em seu estudo “Guerra e Capitalismo” (1913), abordou com minúcias essa questão; naturalmente, apenas para logo se entregar à exaltação da guerra, como tantos intelectuais alemães da época. Só nos últimos anos as origens técnico-armamentistas e bélico-econômicas do capitalismo voltaram à berlinda, como no livro “Canhões e Peste” (1989), do economista alemão Karl Georg Zinn, e no trabalho “A Revolução Militar” (1990), do historiador norte-americano Geoffrey Parker. Mas tampouco estas investigações encontraram a repercussão que mereciam. Obviamente, o mundo ocidental moderno e seus ideólogos só a custo aceitam a visão de que o fundamento histórico último de seus sagrados conceitos de “liberdade” e “progresso” há de ser encontrado na invenção dos mais diabólicos instrumentos mortais da história humana. E essa relação vale também para a democracia moderna, pois a “revolução militar” permaneceu até hoje um motivo secreto da modernização. A própria bomba atômica foi uma invenção democrática do ocidente. </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;">A inovação das armas de fogo destruiu as formas de dominação pré-capitalistas, visto que tornou militarmente ridícula a cavalaria feudal. Já antes do invento das armas de fogo pressentira-se a consequência social das armas de alcance, pois o Segundo Concílio Lateranense proibiu no ano de 1129 o uso de balestras contra cristãos. Não por acaso, a balestra importada de culturas não-européias para a Europa por volta do ano 1000 era tida como a arma especial dos salteadores, fora-da-lei e rebeldes, incluindo figuras lendárias como Robin Hood. Quando entraram em voga as armas de distância com “cano de fogo” muito mais eficazes,<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"> </span>foi selado o destino dos exércitos montados e trajados de armadura. </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;">Contudo, a arma de fogo não estava mais nas mãos de uma oposição “de baixo” que fazia frente ao domínio feudal, mas conduziu antes a uma revolução “de cima” desencadeada por príncipes e reis. Pois a produção e mobilização dos novos sistemas de armas não eram possíveis no plano de estruturas locais e descentralizadas<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">, </span>que até então haviam marcado a reprodução social, mas exigiam uma organização inteiramente nova da sociedade, em diversos planos. As armas de fogo, sobretudo os grandes canhões, não podiam mais ser produzidos em pequenas oficinas como as armas brancas ou de arremesso pré-modernas. Por isso desenvolveu-se uma <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">indústria de armamentos</em> específica, que produzia canhões e mosquetes em grandes fábricas. Ao mesmo tempo, surgiu uma nova arquitetura militar de defesa, na figura de gigantescos baluartes que deviam resistir às canhonadas. Chegou-se a uma disputa inovadora entre armas ofensivas e defensivas e a uma corrida armamentista entre os estados, que persiste até aos dias de hoje.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;">Por obra das armas de fogo, alterou-se profundamente a estrutura dos exércitos. Os beligerantes não podiam mais se equipar por si próprios e tinham de ser providos de armas por um poder social centralizado. Por isso a organização militar da sociedade separou-se da civil. Em lugar dos cidadãos mobilizados caso a caso para as campanhas ou dos senhores locais com as suas famílias armadas surgiram os “exércitos permanentes”: nasceram as “forças armadas” como grupo social específico, e o exército tornou-se um corpo estranho na sociedade. O oficialato transformou-se de um dever pessoal de cidadãos ricos numa “profissão” moderna. A par dessa nova organização militar e das novas técnicas bélicas, também o contingente dos exércitos cresceu vertiginosamente: “As tropas armadas, entre 1500 e 1700, decuplicaram” (Geoffrey Parker). </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;">Indústria armamentista, corrida armamentista e manutenção de exércitos permanentemente organizados, divorciados da sociedade civil e ao mesmo tempo com forte crescimento conduziram necessariamente a uma subversão radical da economia. O grande complexo militar desvinculado da sociedade exigia uma “<em style="box-sizing: inherit;">economia de guerra permanente</em>“. Essa nova economia da morte estendeu-se como uma mortalha sobre as estruturas das antigas sociedades agrárias baseadas na economia natural. Como o armamento e o exército não podiam mais se apoiar na reprodução agrária local, mas tinham de ser abastecidos com recursos obtidos anonimamente em grandes espaços, eles passaram a depender da mediação do dinheiro. Produção de mercadorias e economia monetária como elementos básicos do capitalismo receberam um impulso decisivo no início da era moderna por meio do desencadeamento da economia militar e armamentista. </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;">Esse desenvolvimento produziu e favoreceu a subjetividade capitalista e a sua mentalidade do “fazer-mais” abstrato. A permanente carência financeira da economia de guerra conduziu, na sociedade civil, ao aumento dos capitalistas financeiros e comerciais, dos grandes tomadores de dinheiro e financiadores da guerra. Mas também a nova organização do próprio exército criou a mentalidade capitalista. Os antigos beligerantes agrários transformaram-se em “soldados”, ou seja, em pessoas que recebem o “soldo”. Eles foram os primeiros “trabalhadoresassalariados” modernos que tinham de reproduzir sua vida exclusivamente pela renda monetária e pelo consumo de mercadorias. E por isso eles não lutavam mais por metas idealizadas, mas somente por dinheiro. A eles era indiferente quem matar, pois só o soldo “contava”; com isso eles se tornaram os primeiros representantes do “trabalho abstrato” (Marx) no moderno sistema produtor de mercadorias.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;">Aos chefes e comandantes dos “soldados” interessava angariar recursos por meio de butins e convertê-los em dinheiro. Para tanto a renda dos butins tinha de ser maior do que os custos com a guerra. Eis a origem da racionalidade econômico-empresarial moderna. Na sua maioria, os generais e comandantes do exército do início da era moderna investiam com ganho o produto de seus butins e tornavam-se sócios do capital monetário e comercial. Não foram portanto o pacífico vendedor, o diligente poupador e o produtor cheio de idéias que marcaram o início do capitalismo, muito pelo contrário: do mesmo modo que os “soldados”, como artesãos sangrentos<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"> </span>da arma de fogo, foram<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"> </span>os protótipos do assalariado moderno, assim também os comandantes de exército e “condottieri” “multiplicadores de dinheiro” foram os protótipos do empresariado moderno e de sua “prontidão ao risco”. </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;">Como livres empresários da morte, os “condottieri” dependiam porém das grandes guerras dos poderes estatais centralizados e de sua capacidade de financiamento. A versátil relação moderna entre mercado e estado tem aqui a sua origem. Para poder financiar as indústrias de armamento e os baluartes, os gigantescos exércitos e a guerra, os estados tinham de espremer ao máximo sua população e isso, em correspondência à matéria, numa forma igualmente nova: no lugar dos antigos impostos em espécie, a tributação monetária. As pessoas foram assim obrigadas a “ganhar dinheiro” para poder pagar seus impostos ao estado. Desse modo, a economia de guerra forçou não apenas de forma direta, mas também indireta, o sistema da economia de mercado. Entre os séculos 16 e 18, a tributação do povo nos países europeus cresceu em até 2.000 %. </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;">Obviamente, as pessoas não se deixaram introduzir de forma voluntária na nova economia monetária e armamentista. Elas só puderam ser forçadas a tanto por intermédio de uma sangrenta repressão. A permanente economia de guerra das armas de fogo ensejou durante séculos a permanente insurreção popular e, na sua esteira, a guerra intestina permanente. A fim de poder extorquir os monstruosos tributos, os poderes centralizados estatais tiveram de construir um aparato igualmente<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"> </span>monstruoso de polícia e administração. Todos os aparatos estatais modernos são procedentes dessa história do início da era moderna. A auto-administração local foi substituída pela administração centralizada e hierárquica, a cargo de uma burocracia cujo núcleo foi formado pelos aparelhos da tributação e da repressão interna. </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;">As próprias conquistas positivas da modernização trouxeram sempre o estigma dessas origens. A industrialização do século 19, tanto no aspecto tecnológico quanto no traço histórico das organizações e das mentalidades, foi uma herdeira das armas de fogo, da produção de armamentos no início da modernidade e do processo social que a seguiu. Nesse sentido, pouco admira que o vertiginoso desenvolvimento capitalista das forças produtivas desde a Primeira Revolução Industrial pudesse ocorrer senão de forma destrutiva, apesar das inovações técnicas aparentemente inocentes. A moderna democracia do ocidente é incapaz de ocultar o fato de ser herdeira da ditadura militar e armamentista do início da modernidade – e isso não só na esfera tecnológica, mas também em sua estrutura social. Sob a fina superfície dos rituais de votação e dos discursos políticos, encontramos o monstro de um aparato que administra e disciplina de forma continuada o cidadão aparentemente livre em nome da economia monetária total e da economia de guerra a ela vinculada até hoje. Em nenhuma sociedade da história houve tão grande percentual de funcionários públicos e administradores de recursos humanos, soldados e policiais; nenhuma jamais desbaratou uma parcela tão grande de seus recursos em armamentos e exército. </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;">As ditaduras burocráticas da “modernização tardia” no leste e no sul, com seus aparatos centralizados, não foram os antípodas, mas os agentes reincidentes da economia de guerra da história ocidental, sem contudo poderem alcançá-la. As sociedades mais burocratizadas e militarizadas são ainda, do ponto de vista estrutural, as democracias ocidentais. Também o neoliberalismo é um filho serôdio dos canhões, como demonstraram o gigantesco programa armamentista da “Reaganomics” e a história dos anos 90. A economia da morte permanecerá o inquietante legado da sociedade moderna fundada na economia de mercado até que o capitalismo-assassino se destrua a si próprio. </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"><a href="http://www.exit-online.org/link.php?tabelle=autoren&posnr=92" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #3863c1; text-decoration-line: none;">Original</a> </span><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Kanonen und Kapitalismus</em> in <a href="http://www.exit-online.org/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #3863c1; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: none;">www.exit-online.org</a>. Publicado na Folha de São Paulo, 30 de Março de 1997com o titulo <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">A Origem Destrutiva do Capitalismo </em>e tradução de José Marcos Macedo <a href="http://www.geocities.com/pimientanegra2000/kurz_origen_destructivo_capitalismo.htm" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #3863c1; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: none;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Español</em></a><em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"> </span></em><a href="http://www.geocities.com/grupokrisis2003/rkurz_en2.htm" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #3863c1; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: none;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">English</em></a><em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"> </span></em><a href="http://www.geocities.com/grupokrisis2003/rkurz_fr2.htm" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #3863c1; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: none;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Francais</em></a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://obeco-online.org/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #3863c1; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: none;">http://obeco-online.org/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"><a href="http://www.exit-online.org/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #3863c1; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.exit-online.org/</a></span></p>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-53531661785505653702022-10-05T21:29:00.004-07:002022-10-05T21:29:43.356-07:00Lula, freio ao necrofascismo<p> </p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td style="font-family: "Google Sans", Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding-top: 9px;" valign="top"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td style="font-family: "Google Sans", Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding-top: 9px;" valign="top"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="m_-8665952007752411217mcnTextContentContainer" style="border-collapse: collapse; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-8665952007752411217mcnTextContent" style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 18px 9px; word-break: break-word;" valign="top"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td style="font-family: "Google Sans", Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding-top: 9px;" valign="top"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="m_-8665952007752411217mcnTextContentContainer" style="border-collapse: collapse; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-8665952007752411217mcnTextContent" style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 18px 9px; word-break: break-word;" valign="top">O primeiro turno das eleições gerais de 2022 consolidou de vez o bolsonarismo no Brasil — fenômeno político, social e cultural cujo funcionamento ainda estamos longe de decifrar. Com uma coligação de apenas três partidos marcadamente de direita (PL, PRB e PP), e sem papas na língua, Jair Bolsonaro superou todas as pesquisas e conquistou a preferência de 51,7 milhões de eleitores, ou 43,2% dos votos válidos, acabando em segundo lugar.<br /><br />A sua sigla (PL) conquistou, sozinha, 99 cadeiras na Câmara — maior bancada eleita por uma única legenda nos últimos 24 anos — e treze no Senado. Ex-ministros e aliados notórios do presidente obtiveram excelentes votações na corrida pela Câmara (Eduardo Pazuello [o mais votado do Rio de Janeiro], Carla Zambelli, Eduardo Bolsonaro e Ricardo Salles [terceira, quarto e quinto mais votados do país, todos de SP], Mario Frias [SP]) e pelo Senado (Marcos Pontes [SP], Damares Alves [DF], Hamilton Mourão [RS], Tereza Cristina [MS], Romário [RJ], Rogério Marinho [RN], Sergio Moro [PR]), além de se elegerem para governos estaduais (Claudio Castro [RJ]) ou irem para o segundo turno (Onyx Lorenzoni [RS], Tarcísio de Freitas [SP]).<br /><br />O deputado mais votado do Brasil em 2022 é um jovem vereador bolsonarista de Belo Horizonte, Nikolas Ferreira, do PL, “consagrado para Cristo”, 26 anos, leitor de Olavo de Carvalho desde os treze. O número de policiais eleitos — além de outros defensores das pautas encabeçadas por Jair Bolsonaro, como privatizações, antipetismo e conservadorismo religioso — também é grande, formando uma significativa maioria ideológica no Congresso.<br /><br />Apesar da vitória de Lula com 57,2 milhões de votos (48,4%), da expressiva votação do líder sem-teto Guilherme Boulos (segundo deputado mais votado do país), das vagas garantidas por duas indígenas (Sônia Guajajara [SP] e Célia Xakriabá [MG]), duas mulheres trans (Erika Hilton [SP] e Duda Salabert [MG]) e por lideranças do movimento negro e sem-terra, do aumento da bancada da federação PT-PCdoB-PV (80 deputados) e da federação PSOL-Rede (14 deputados) na Câmara, podemos dizer que o pleito de 2 de outubro mostrou uma incontestável legitimação do projeto bolsonarista junto à população brasileira.<br /><br />Após quatro anos de governo, quase setecentas mil mortes por covid-19, gasolina e gás de cozinha mais caros do século, aumento da cesta básica, inflação a 10%, 33 milhões de brasileiros passando fome, desemprego, desmatamento recorde, rachadinhas, ligações com as milícias, privatização da Eletrobras, orçamento secreto, ameaças de golpe, simbologia nazista e supremacista etc., Bolsonaro teve mais votos do que em 2018.<br /><br />Enquanto Lula precisou costurar uma ampla aliança com dez partidos, incluindo notórios ex-adversários (a começar pelo vice, Geraldo Alckmin) e figuras do complô golpista que derrubou Dilma Rousseff em 2016, Bolsonaro obteve votação similar sem fazer concessões: não amenizou o discurso fundamentalista cristão, não parou de elogiar as armas, não deixou de escrotizar mulheres e jornalistas, não calou as críticas ao Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), não voltou atrás em sua desconfiança com relação às urnas eletrônicas, não se desculpou pela gestão da pandemia nem por imitar pessoas sufocando no auge do surto de coronavírus, não engoliu nenhuma mentira — enfim, manteve a coerência de seu projeto necrofascista.<br /><br />Como resultado, neste 2 de outubro o ex-capitão firmou-se como o principal líder político brasileiro da atualidade, com muita aderência popular, mesmo sem contar com o apoio de movimentos sociais organizados. A força que demonstrou é simplesmente impressionante. Um exemplo notável dessa força é o fim da hegemonia de quase trinta anos do PSDB em São Paulo — proeza do bolsonarismo —, onde a maioria dos eleitores resolveu abandonar o bairrismo ferrenho e a tradicional rivalidade com o Rio de Janeiro para votar em um ex-militar carioca filiado ao partido da Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus.<br /><br />Neste momento, além do enorme respaldo nas urnas e da maioria ideológica no Congresso, Bolsonaro conta com o apoio das Forças Armadas, das polícias, do agronegócio, de boa parte dos líderes e dos fiéis das igrejas evangélicas e católicas e do capital financeiro. É uma hegemonia nunca vista na democracia brasileira. Além disso, espalhados pelo país existem milhões de cidadãos prontos para vestir a camisa verde-amarela da seleção e defender o líder nas ruas, se necessário, como ficou claro nos últimos Sete de Setembro e mesmo nestas eleições. Nunca é demais lembrar que muitas dessas pessoas têm porte de arma — contingente que só cresce, com a militância ativa do Jair.<br /><br />Por tudo isso, não podemos permitir que Bolsonaro vença no segundo turno. O próximo presidente da República escolherá quatro ministros do STF. Caso essa prerrogativa seja dada ao ex-capitão, ele terá maioria também na instância mais alta do Judiciário, com seis dos onze magistrados da suprema corte — todos absolutamente alinhados a seu projeto, como os dois já indicados em seu primeiro mandato.<br /><br />Apenas podemos imaginar o que um presidente confessadamente autoritário faria com tamanho poder institucional, político, social, cultural e econômico, sem que o sistema republicano de freios e contrapesos (de resto, falido) possa minimamente contê-lo. Até porque, caso realmente vença, terá derrotado, nas urnas, um dos maiores líderes políticos da história do Brasil — o que, graças ao tapetão viabilizado pelo “grande acordo nacional, com o Supremo, com tudo”, e que resultou na prisão do petista, não aconteceu em 2018.<br /><br />Neste momento, Lula é a única barreira que temos contra essa tempestade perfeita. Só Lula poderá retardar a consolidação completa do projeto bolsonarista. E agora não interessa discutir se conseguirá ou não governar. Só o que importa é deter a ditadura que Bolsonaro tanto prometeu e que obviamente conseguirá estabelecer no país, dentro das instituições, caso seja reeleito. Entretanto, tudo indica que o petista terá imensa dificuldade em conseguir os poucos votos de que precisa para atingir maioria e voltar à presidência.<br /><br />O antipetismo desfilado por Simone Tebet e Ciro Gomes na campanha deixam pouca margem para uma transferência automática de votos, e o pouco mais de um milhão de eleitores de Felipe D’Ávila e Soraya Thronicke certamente irão para Bolsonaro. Talvez Tebet, pelas duras críticas que fez a Bolsonaro quanto à demora na compra de vacinas contra a covid-19, e recorrendo a manobras narrativas que ainda teremos que conhecer, consiga ajudar o petista. Ciro, por outro lado, passou os últimos dias despejando toda sua munição no ex-sindicalista e, na véspera do pleito, divulgou foto ao lado de Bolsonaro.<br /><br />Lula esteve isolado na campanha. Era o único candidato de centro em um cenário dominado pela direita. Sua maior chance era ganhar no primeiro turno. Fazer mais concessões à direita, ao mercado, ao agronegócio — caminho que muito provavelmente será adotado pela campanha petista, pois esse é o DNA do lulismo — não vai adiantar: Lula não retirará votos de Bolsonaro. (É mais fácil que aconteça o contrário, pois Jair já está usando a máquina pública para adiantar e prometer mais parcelas do Auxílio Brasil.)<br /><br />Por que uma pessoa identificada com a direita escolheria Lula, mesmo com todas as concessões? O máximo que podemos esperar do asco que setores mais limpinhos e civilizados da direita sentem de Bolsonaro é um voto nulo.<br /><br />Esquerdizar o discurso — o que Lula jamais faria, porque nunca fez: sua trajetória política é um longo caminhar rumo ao centro — tampouco lhe amealharia melhores resultados eleitorais: apesar dos respiros progressistas vistos nas urnas, está bem claro que o país vive um momento hiperconservador e hiperneoliberal, e que todo o poder eleitoral que pode ser mobilizado pela esquerda já lhe foi destinado no primeiro turno.<br /><br />Em entrevista ao Roda Viva no dia seguinte ao primeiro turno, Guilherme Boulos disse não acreditar que todas as pessoas que votaram em Bolsonaro sejam fiéis a seu projeto. “Não acho que nós temos 51 milhões de fascistas no Brasil. Essa seria uma tragédia muito maior do que a que a gente está vivendo.”<br /><br />Eis a grande questão: se realmente não somos um país com 51 milhões de fascistas, por que Bolsonaro, depois de quatro anos de barbárie, continua tendo tanta popularidade? Por que nosso discurso não consegue desmobilizar o voto em Bolsonaro? Com qual outro discurso poderemos convencer um eleitor supostamente não fascista a não votar em um necrofascista?<br /><br />Será a tragédia brasileira muito maior do que sugerem as urnas?<br /><br /><br />— Tadeu Breda, editor</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="m_-8665952007752411217mcnDividerBlock" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; table-layout: fixed !important; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td style="font-family: "Google Sans", Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; min-width: 100%; padding: 15px 18px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 5px solid rgb(34, 34, 34); min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td style="margin: 0px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td style="font-family: "Google Sans", Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 9px;" valign="top"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 9px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://editoraelefante.us12.list-manage.com/track/click?u%3Df212c39279a82ffc292d3ec59%26id%3D88fbc250c7%26e%3D366850a263&source=gmail&ust=1665109750385000&usg=AOvVaw3x8E_4P_Ok1vQAGCThbtzQ" href="https://editoraelefante.us12.list-manage.com/track/click?u=f212c39279a82ffc292d3ec59&id=88fbc250c7&e=366850a263" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title=""><img align="center" alt="" class="m_-8665952007752411217mcnImage CToWUd" data-bit="iit" src="https://ci5.googleusercontent.com/proxy/5Rx34EYEWptdju35jJQFsxhyXbxBtcE-mqmHbULVHz3z4HPsCcg5rAF3wchaJjIQqMV94S6Nsjq2vYANdTL3veLutR1UmDxPSKVkqII-TSdWQksAWkPt5z7sH2aIBk27SiTPPLKm0b1C1U53zHn8DDS30dh7gQ=s0-d-e1-ft#https://mcusercontent.com/f212c39279a82ffc292d3ec59/images/4f667bc9-ad52-0f2e-4ee4-f0ca136c825b.png" style="border: 0px; 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display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;" width="680" /><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-256141" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.3em 0px 20px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Imagem de </span><a href="https://unsplash.com/@diesektion" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Robert Anasch</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .</span></p></div><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Proibições de livros em todo o país. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O fundamentalismo cristão em ascensão. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A supremacia branca correndo solta. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Estes são sintomas de uma política fascista crescente na América.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Atores políticos reacionários buscam reforçar a supremacia branca apagando das discussões públicas qualquer reconhecimento de pessoas de cor, identidades LGBTQ e suas lutas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Uma maneira de isso acontecer é por meio da proibição de livros, que cresceu dramaticamente nos últimos anos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Somente nos primeiros oito meses de 2022, a American Library Association </span></span><a href="https://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2022/09/ala-releases-preliminary-data-2022-book-bans" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">relata que</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> 1.651 livros “ </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/sep/16/us-libraries-book-ban-challenges-race-gender" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">sem precedentes</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> ” foram banidos das escolas e bibliotecas do país – mais que o dobro do número em 2021 e quadruplicando em relação a 2019.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A maior parte das proibições de livros está nos estados republicanos e nos campos de batalha, mais proeminentemente </span><a href="https://qz.com/book-bans-are-spiking-in-the-us-here-are-the-most-targ-1849565948" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">no</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> Texas, Flórida, Tennessee e Pensilvânia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As proibições visam livros que </span></span><a href="https://qz.com/book-bans-are-spiking-in-the-us-here-are-the-most-targ-1849565948" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">se concentram</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> em questões relacionadas a raça e anti-racismo, sexismo e anti-sexismo, identidade e preconceito LGBTQ.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ao olharmos mais de perto para quem está por trás dessas proibições, vemos que são grupos de cidadãos reacionários, como "Mom's for Liberty" e "No Left Turn in Education", que utilizam a retórica eliminacionista para definir pessoas de cor e indivíduos não heterossexuais. existência e extraí-los da identidade nacional.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Moms for Liberty </span><a href="https://www.momsforliberty.org/about/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">explica</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> em sua página da web que está “empoderando os pais” e “lutando pela sobrevivência da América” ao “ensinar os princípios da liberdade em nossos lares e comunidade”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Não é preciso muita imaginação para discernir que esta é uma receita para a supremacia branca patriarcal, com a “sobrevivência” da identidade da nação definida pela censura de pessoas de cor e indivíduos LGBTQ+, enquanto “empodera” uma versão heteronormativa branca de identidade.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As dimensões fundamentalistas da supremacia branca-cristã de Moms for Liberty são difíceis de perder. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Todas as mulheres que lideram a organização são brancas, e seu programa se inspira nos esforços para consolidar a nação na teocracia cristã. </span></span><a href="https://www.counterpunch.org/2022/09/28/christian-white-supremacy-rising-the-fascist-connection/God%20has%20called%20me,%20and%20equipped%20me,%20to%20do%20my%20part%20in%20service%20to%20Him%20and%20our%20country." style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O coordenador do capítulo nacional do grupo anuncia</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> abertamente </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">que “Deus me chamou e me equipou para fazer minha parte em serviço a Ele e ao nosso país”.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Moms for Liberty não está sozinho em sua cruzada. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Autoridades republicanas brancas estão pedindo explicitamente aos Estados Unidos que adotem o nacionalismo cristão. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A deputada republicana da Câmara, Marjorie Taylor Greene </span></span><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2022/08/19/republicans-mostly-mum-calls-make-gop-party-christian-nationalism/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">, vê</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> o Partido Republicano como “o partido do nacionalismo cristão”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Doug Mastriono, propagandista eleitoral da Big Lie e candidato a governador republicano da Pensilvânia, </span></span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/08/us/christian-nationalism-politicians.html" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">chama</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> a separação entre Igreja e Estado de um “mito”, anunciando que “em novembro vamos tomar nosso estado de volta” dos democratas secularistas e que “meu Deus fará é assim.” </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Companheiro propagandista da Big Lie, apoiador insurrecional de 6 de janeiro e representante republicano Josh Hawley </span></span><a href="https://www.salon.com/2022/09/13/without-the-bible-there-is-no-america-josh-hawley-goes-full-christian-nationalist-at-natcon/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">anuncia</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">que “somos uma nação revolucionária porque somos os herdeiros da revolução da Bíblia – sem a Bíblia, não há América”.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A retórica republicana canaliza o eliminacionismo atacando aquelas identidades que não se encaixam no ideal nacionalista cristão elevado pelo Partido Republicano. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Isso fica mais claro na afirmação de Hawley de que “nenhuma América” existe fora de uma identidade fundamentalista cristã.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Os pronunciamentos do GOP não ocorrem no vácuo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eles fazem parte de um abraço maior à direita republicana do nacionalismo cristão e do fanatismo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Por exemplo, uma pesquisa da Universidade de Maryland de meados de 2022 </span></span><a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/09/21/most-republicans-support-declaring-the-united-states-a-christian-nation-00057736" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">descobriu</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">que se acentua o apoio aos princípios fundamentalistas no Partido Republicano, aventurando-se no autoritarismo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Enquanto 57% dos republicanos acreditam que a Constituição dos EUA não permite que “o governo declare os EUA uma nação cristã”, 61% são a favor de fazê-lo de qualquer maneira. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As diferenças dentro do partido são pronunciadas por idade, com 71% da Geração Silenciosa e 54% dos Republicanos Baby Boomer querendo declarar os EUA uma nação cristã, em comparação com 49% da Geração X e 51% dos Republicanos da Geração Y e Z, respectivamente.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O cristofascismo baseia-se na fusão da supremacia branca, autoritarismo, desprezo pelo estado de direito e direitos das minorias religiosas e o esforço eliminacionista para excluir identidades não cristãs da consciência nacional e do que significa ser “americano”.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ela se baseia em uma base fundamentalista de longa data. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Os Estados Unidos são </span></span><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/03/12/how-do-americans-stand-out-from-the-rest-of-the-world/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">atípicos</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> em comparação com outros países ricos em seu compromisso com a religiosidade, medido pela porcentagem de pessoas que dizem que a religião “desempenha um papel muito importante em suas vidas”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Milhões de americanos há anos apoiam uma agenda nacionalista cristã, o que explica por que fanáticos religiosos como Greene e Hawley podem canalizar essa retórica hoje.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O fundamentalismo cristão está inscrito na história e na identidade do país. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mais da metade dos adultos dos EUA em 2022 (55%) </span></span><a href="https://www.deseret.com/faith/2022/4/22/23036178/many-americans-say-god-inspired-the-constitution-except-that-part-about-guns-pew-research-marist" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">dizem</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> acreditar que a Constituição dos EUA é “inspirada por Deus”, enquanto 36% dos americanos e 49% dos republicanos em 2020 dizem que os EUA “são e sempre foram uma nação cristã. ” </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Sessenta e quatro por cento dos republicanos e 71 por cento dos protestantes evangélicos brancos </span></span><a href="https://www.prri.org/research/amid-multiple-crises-trump-and-biden-supporters-see-different-realities-and-futures-for-the-nation/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">concordam</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> que “Deus concedeu aos EUA um papel especial na história humana”, em comparação com metade dos independentes (35 por cento) e menos de um terço (32 por cento) dos democratas. .</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Além de amplas proclamações, um grande número de americanos expressa um apoio perturbador a mudanças políticas que elevariam ainda mais o nacionalismo cristão. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Pesquisas de 2020 </span></span><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/13/half-of-americans-say-bible-should-influence-u-s-laws-including-28-who-favor-it-over-the-will-of-the-people/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">descobriram</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> que quase metade dos americanos (49%), 89% dos protestantes evangélicos brancos e 67% dos republicanos acreditavam que a Bíblia “deveria influenciar as leis dos Estados Unidos”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Apenas alguns anos antes, em 2015, 57% dos republicanos </span></span><a href="https://www.publicpolicypolling.com/news/republican-majority-would-support-christianity-as-national-religion/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">concordaram</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O cristianismo “deve ser estabelecido como a religião nacional dos Estados Unidos”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Nessa mesma pesquisa, 28% dos americanos, 41% dos republicanos e 68% dos protestantes evangélicos brancos disseram que a Bíblia “deveria ter mais influência sobre as leis do que a vontade do povo”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Esta é uma indulgência impressionante no autoritarismo cristão que busca derrubar o estado de direito em favor do governo teocrático. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Substanciais minorias de americanos – 42 e 46%, respectivamente – também </span></span><a href="https://www.publicpolicypolling.com/news/republican-majority-would-support-christianity-as-national-religion/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">queriam que</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> os líderes religiosos “tivessem um papel direto na redação” de uma nova Constituição dos EUA e queriam que a própria Bíblia fosse “uma fonte de legislação”.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A ideologia fascista historicamente exalta personalidades patriarcais para levar as nações à “grandeza”, enquanto impõe hierarquias misóginas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O nacionalismo cristão não é diferente. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em 2020, 53% dos protestantes evangélicos brancos e 60% dos republicanos </span></span><a href="https://www.prri.org/research/amid-multiple-crises-trump-and-biden-supporters-see-different-realities-and-futures-for-the-nation/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">concordaram</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> que os EUA “punem os homens por agirem como homens”, enquanto 56% dos evangélicos brancos e 63% dos republicanos concordaram que o país “tornou-se muito feminino”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Essa indulgência com a masculinidade tóxica está ligada ao autoritarismo trumpiano, com 57% dos republicanos e 55% dos republicanos evangélicos brancos </span></span><a href="https://www.prri.org/research/amid-multiple-crises-trump-and-biden-supporters-see-different-realities-and-futures-for-the-nation/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">sentindo que</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> os EUA precisam de “um líder disposto a quebrar algumas regras se isso for necessário para acertar as coisas”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Essa confiança em Trump atingiu a convicção religiosa de nível cult, com quase dois terços dos apoiadores de Trump</span></span><a href="https://www.axios.com/2019/11/05/monmouth-poll-trump-approval" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">declarando</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> enquanto ele estava no cargo que não havia nada que eles pudessem pensar que ele pudesse fazer que os levasse a reconsiderar seu apoio à sua presidência.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O partidarismo de direita e o fundamentalismo religioso também estão associados ao apoio à supressão de discussões sobre como as instituições sociais são estruturadas para perpetuar o racismo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Um esmagador 70% dos evangélicos brancos e 79% dos republicanos em 2020 </span></span><a href="https://www.prri.org/research/amid-multiple-crises-trump-and-biden-supporters-see-different-realities-and-futures-for-the-nation/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">sentiram</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> que os “assassinatos de homens negros pela polícia são incidentes isolados”, em comparação com 43% dos americanos em geral. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Como documenta o importante estudioso religioso e cientista social Robert Jones, a relutância em reconhecer estruturas de discriminação racial e brutalidade policial está enraizada na </span></span><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/racism-among-white-christians-higher-among-nonreligious-s-no-coincidence-ncna1235045" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">maior suscetibilidade</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> de cristãos americanos brancos a crenças racistas, </span><a href="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/White-Too-Long/Robert-P-Jones/9781982122874" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">incluindo</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">apoio à celebração de monumentos confederados da supremacia branca, uma recusa em reconhecer os efeitos deletérios de gerações de escravidão sobre os negros americanos, suscetibilidade a estereótipos negativos que descrevem os negros como preguiçosos e indignos de assistência e uma negatividade geral e medo em relação a “pessoas de outras raças”. ”</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A mistura nociva de crenças reacionárias cristo-fascistas documentadas aqui representa uma ameaça existencial ao estado de direito e à democracia secular na América. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Esses valores reacionários dificilmente são novos, mas sua ascensão na era Trumpiana, juntamente com o compromisso religioso de culto dos republicanos e partidários de QAnon com Trump e com a derrubada do eleitoralismo como o conhecemos, não é um bom presságio para o futuro do país. . </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Os Estados Unidos podem afirmar um compromisso com a lei, o consentimento em massa, o secularismo e os princípios democráticos liberais, ou podem continuar a trilhar o caminho da crescente teocracia religiosa e do cristofascismo de supremacia branca. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Não pode fazer as duas coisas.</span></span></p></div><div style="font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><p class="author_description" style="color: #111111; font-family: SSit; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; max-width: 680px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Anthony DiMaggio é Professor Associado de Ciência Política na Lehigh University. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele é o autor de </span></span><a href="https://www.routledge.com/Rising-Fascism-in-America-It-Can-Happen-Here/DiMaggio/p/book/9781032056203" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><em style="color: #111111; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Rising Fascism in America: It Can Happen Here</em></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> (Routledge, 2022), além de </span><a href="https://www.routledge.com/Rebellion-in-America-Citizen-Uprisings-the-News-Media-and-the-Politics/DiMaggio/p/book/9780815371229" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><em style="color: #111111; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Rebellion in America</em></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> (Routledge, 2020) e </span><a href="https://www.routledge.com/Unequal-America-Class-Conflict-the-News-Media-and-Ideology-in-an-Era/DiMaggio/p/book/9780367521127" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><em style="color: #111111; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Unequal America</em></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> (Routledge, 2021). </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele pode ser contatado em: </span></span><a href="mailto:anthonydimaggio612@gmail.com" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><em style="color: #111111; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">anthonydimaggio612@gmail.com</em></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> . </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Uma cópia digital de Rebellion in America pode ser lida gratuitamente </span></span><a href="https://www.book2look.com/book/CN5kiQLPLg" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><em style="color: #111111; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">aqui</em></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .</span></p></div>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-50644997114694651502022-09-27T19:20:00.004-07:002022-09-27T19:20:48.097-07:00PC Chinês, este desconhecido<p> </p><div class="row" style="background-color: #fefefe; box-sizing: inherit; color: #585858; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 60rem; padding: 0px;"><div class="column large-12 small-12 text-center mb-30" id="single-the-title" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 100%; margin: 0px 0px 30px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px 0.625rem; text-align: center;"><h1 style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 45px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><br /></h1></div></div><div class="row row-small" style="background-color: #fefefe; box-sizing: inherit; color: #585858; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 700px; padding: 0px;"><div class="column large-12 small-12 text-center mb-30 " id="single-the-excerpt" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 100%; margin: 0px 0px 30px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px 0.625rem; text-align: center;"><div class="post-excerpt" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-size: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Em vinte dias, partido que comanda o Estado chinês abrirá seu 20º congresso. Tem 95 milhões de membros. Está presente em 99,9% das localidades. É o núcleo de um sistema político muito distinto dos ocidentais. Vale a pena começar a examiná-lo</p></div></div><div class="column large-12 small-12 mb-10" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 100%; margin: 0px 0px 10px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px 0.625rem;"><div class="post-info" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="first-line" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(151, 151, 151); box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 680px;"><div class="channel" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"><span class="text-outraspalavras" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(52, 101, 132) !important; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;">OUTRAS</span>PALAVRAS</div><div class="category" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #b91315; display: inline-block; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 0px 7px 20px; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase;"><a href="https://outraspalavras.net/category/descolonizacoes/" rel="category tag" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #42708f; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;">DESCOLONIZAÇÕES</a></div></div></div></div><div class="column large-12 small-12" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 100%; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px 0.625rem;"><div class="row post-info-author" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; margin: 0px -0.625rem; max-width: none; padding: 0px;"><div class="column large-6 small-4" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 50%; margin: 0px; max-width: 50%; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px 0.625rem;"><div class="author" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Por <a href="https://outraspalavras.net/author/fernando/" rel="author" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #42708f; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Posts de Fernando Marcelino">Fernando Marcelino</a></div></div><div class="column large-6 small-8 mb-20 text-right" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 50%; margin: 0px 0px 20px; max-width: 50%; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px 0.625rem; text-align: right;"><div class="date-post" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="date-publish" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Publicado 27/09/2022 às 18:59<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></div><div class="date-update" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Atualizado 27/09/2022 às 20:23</div></div></div></div></div><div class="column large-12 small-12" id="single-the-content" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 100%; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px 0.625rem;"><figure class="wp-block-image size-full" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-3071399" height="552" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" src="https://opara.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/outraspalavras/uploads/2022/09/27185830/220927-PCCh03b.jpg" srcset="https://opara.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/outraspalavras/uploads/2022/09/27185830/220927-PCCh03b.jpg 1000w, https://opara.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/outraspalavras/uploads/2022/09/27185830/220927-PCCh03b-300x166.jpg 300w, https://opara.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/outraspalavras/uploads/2022/09/27185830/220927-PCCh03b-768x424.jpg 768w, https://opara.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/outraspalavras/uploads/2022/09/27185830/220927-PCCh03b-700x387.jpg 700w, https://opara.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/outraspalavras/uploads/2022/09/27185830/220927-PCCh03b-219x121.jpg 219w" style="border-radius: inherit; border-style: none; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom;" width="1000" /></figure><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">O Partido Comunista Chinês (PCCh) realiza um congresso nacional a cada cinco anos, desde 1977. Duas vezes por década, o partido apresenta as prioridades políticas e mudanças nas lideranças, sendo o evento político mais importante da China. Ele não deve ser confundido com os dois congressos nacionais convocados em março de cada ano, pois esses são os congressos do governo central, não do partido. O Congresso do PCCh deste ano, a partir de 16 de outubro, será o vigésimo encontro desde que o partido foi fundado em 1921.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">De acordo com a Constituição do PCCh, os congressos do partido devem se reunir a cada cinco anos. Essa convenção foi um elemento-chave das reformas de 1978 de Deng Xiaoping. Ele pretendia restaurar um processo político institucionalizado após dez anos caóticos de Revolução Cultural com numerosos expurgos políticos e ataques pessoais, sob Mao. Esta prática tem sido rigorosamente seguida desde o 12º Congresso, em 1982. </p><div class="outra-conteudo_3" id="boletimop" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><div class="ml-form-embedContainer ml-subscribe-form ml-subscribe-form-5648451" id="mlb2-5648451" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; position: static; width: 680px;"><div class="ml-form-align-center" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="ml-form-embedWrapper embedForm" style="background-color: #e9e9e9; border-color: transparent; border-radius: 10px; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block !important; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 680px;"><div class="ml-form-embedBody ml-form-embedBodyHorizontal row-form" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 0px;"><div class="ml-form-embedContent" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><h4 style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #346584; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 10px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">Boletim Outras Palavras</h4><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Receba por email, diariamente, todas as publicações do site</p></div><form action="https://static.mailerlite.com/webforms/submit/z3h6l4" class="ml-block-form" data-code="z3h6l4" method="post" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 640px;" target="_blank"><div class="ml-form-formContent horozintalForm" style="box-sizing: inherit; float: left; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; width: 640px;"><div class="ml-form-horizontalRow" style="box-sizing: inherit; float: left; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 640px;"><div class="ml-input-horizontal" style="box-sizing: inherit; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 448px;"><div class="horizontal-fields" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; width: 448px;"><div class="ml-field-group ml-field-email ml-validate-email ml-validate-required" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left !important;"><input aria-invalid="false" autocomplete="email" class="form-control" data-inputmask="" name="fields[email]" placeholder="Email" style="appearance: none; background-color: white; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-radius: 4px; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; box-shadow: rgba(10, 10, 10, 0.1) 0px 1px 2px inset; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; height: 2.4375rem; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: initial; padding: 10px; transition: box-shadow 0.5s ease 0s, border-color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s; width: 438px;" type="email" /></div></div></div><div class="ml-button-horizontal primary" style="box-sizing: inherit; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 192px;"><button class="primary" style="appearance: none; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(52, 101, 132) !important; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(52, 101, 132); border-radius: 4px; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; cursor: pointer; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px !important; font-weight: 700; height: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px !important; overflow: visible; padding: 10px !important; width: 192px;" type="submit">Assinar</button></div></div></div></form></div></div></div></div><img alt="." border="0" height="1" loading="lazy" src="https://track.mailerlite.com/webforms/o/5648451/z3h6l4?v1649955978" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-height: 1px; max-width: 1px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; visibility: hidden;" width="1" /></div><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">O que é conhecido como “O congresso do partido” é o primeiro plenário do novo congresso. Abre uma semana após o sétimo e último plenário do congresso anterior. A tradição do <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">plenum</em>, ou assembleia, foi estabelecida, também, desde a fundação do partido. Cada congresso tem sete <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">plenums</em>, com o <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">plenum</em> final intimamente ligado ao primeiro do novo congresso na definição da agenda política.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Em junho de 2021, como parte dos preparativos para o 20º congresso, o Departamento Central de Organização (COD) <a href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2021-06/30/c_1127611673.htm" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(52, 101, 132); box-sizing: inherit; color: #346584; cursor: pointer; height: 12px; line-height: 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;">divulgou</a> estatísticas descrevendo a demografia do PCCh. Existem atualmente 95,2 milhões de membros, dos quais 27,5 milhões (29%) de mulheres. As organizações partidárias são estabelecidas em 29.693 municípios, 113.268 comunidades (comitês de bairro), 8.942 ruas urbanas e 491.748 vilas administrativas em todo o país, com uma taxa de cobertura superior a 99,9%. Cerca de 49,5 milhões de membros têm um diploma universitário de dois anos ou mais. Entre janeiro de 2020 e junho de 2021, o PCCh recrutou 4,7 milhões de novos membros, 80% dos quais com menos de 35 anos. Atualmente, tem 4,86 milhões de organizações de base – 742 mil em agências governamentais, 933 mil em instituições públicas, 1,51 milhões em empresas e 162 mil em organizações sociais. De acordo com o COD, esses comitês de base do Partido, bem como a liderança em todos os níveis locais (ou seja, província, município, condado e cidade), são obrigados a realizar uma reorganização geracional (<em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">dangwei huanjie</em>) anterior ao XX Congresso. Isso envolve <a href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2021-06/30/c_1127611673.htm" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(52, 101, 132); box-sizing: inherit; color: #346584; cursor: pointer; height: 12px; line-height: 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;">mudanças substanciais de liderança</a> nas 31 províncias e municípios; 397 cidades em nível de prefeitura; 2.771 cidades em nível de condado; e 38.617 municípios e subdistritos urbanos. Não surpreendentemente, a preparação que antecede o congresso é vista como uma grande temporada política na China. </p><div class="outra-meio-do-texto" id="outra-70535982" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="outra-1237428713" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.aboaterra.com.br/" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(52, 101, 132); box-sizing: inherit; color: #42708f; cursor: pointer; height: 12px; line-height: 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;"><img alt="" height="90" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 728px) 100vw, 728px" src="https://opara.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/outraspalavras/uploads/2022/06/02184946/A-BOA-TERRA.jpg" srcset="https://opara.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/outraspalavras/uploads/2022/06/02184946/A-BOA-TERRA.jpg 728w, https://opara.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/outraspalavras/uploads/2022/06/02184946/A-BOA-TERRA-300x37.jpg 300w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="728" /></a></div></div><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Antes do 20º Congresso do Partido, o Comitê de Revisão de Qualificações do congresso realizará a verificação final dos candidatos em termos de qualificações e credenciais. Serão eleitos 2.300 delegados, que representam 38 unidades eleitorais, abrangendo as 32 províncias, municípios e regiões autônomas do país, bem como três agências governamentais, duas agências de Hong Kong e Macau e o Exército Popular de Libertação. Eles vêm de todas classes sociais, diferentes regiões e grupos demográficos, incluindo minorias étnicas. Todos aspectos do congresso são cuidadosamente projetados.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">As delegados envolvem-se em cinco esferas de decisão. Dos 2.300, cerca de 1.800 estão na esfera básica. São prefeitos, gestores e lideranças comunitárias. Além disso, muitas celebridades que sejam membros do partido, como atuais e ex-campeões olímpicos, astronautas, cantores de ópera e âncoras de TV, ao lado de trabalhadores comuns. Acima destes membros, na quarta camada, está a Comissão Central de Inspeção Disciplinar (CDIC), com 130 membros. Na terceira camada, está o Comitê Central do PCCh, atualmente composto por 205 membros com 171 suplentes. Os membros desses dois comitês são provenientes de vários ministérios e governos provinciais, bem como importantes empresas estatais, o Banco Central e o Exército de Libertação Popular. Acima do Comitê Central está o núcleo do partido: o Politburo e seu Comitê Permanente. O Politburo, que atualmente conta com 24 membros, inclui os líderes de alguns municípios-chave e os chefes de alguns dos ministérios e departamentos mais importantes. É um órgão de decisão intermediário entre o Comitê Permanente, com sete integrantes, e o Comitê Central do partido, com 376.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Em 2017, foi realizado o último congresso. O Comitê Permanente passou a ser formado por Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, Li Zhanshu, Wang Yang, Wang Huning, Zhao Leji e Han Zheng. A geração mais jovem de futuros líderes em potencial, como Hu Chunhua e Chen Min’er, ficou ausente dessa nova formação – como tal, não há um sucessor claro para Xi. Isso rompeu com a tradição de garantir que os líderes mais jovens sejam eleitos para o Comitê Permanente no segundo mandato do presidente chinês. Em 2018, a Constituição do PCCh foi alterada para remover os limites de mandato do secretário-geral, permitindo que Xi Jinping seja eleito para um terceiro mandato. O limite de 68 anos também não se aplica ao secretário-geral, que completou 69 anos este ano.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">No 20º Congresso serão aprovados membros de alto nível e tomadores de decisão do partido para o período até 2027. Espera-se que vários dirigentes em exercício do Politburo e do Comitê Permanente deixem o cargo, pois ultrapassaram a idade de aposentadoria de 68 anos ou atingiram o limite de dois mandatos para funcionários sêniores. Os principais líderes das três equipes administrativas mais importantes – Li Keqiang (1955), Han Zheng (1954) e Liu He (1952) no setor econômico e financeiro; Yang Jiechi (1950) e Wang Yi (1953) em relações exteriores; e Xu Qiliang (1950), Zhang Youxia (1950) e Wei Fenghe (1954) nas forças armadas – todos devem se aposentar com base nas normas anteriores. A nova resolução do Partido, no entanto, permite que alguns deles permaneçam na liderança. </p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Quanto ao cargo de primeiro-ministro, o limite de dois mandatos permanece intacto. Li Keqiang, que é primeiro-ministro do Conselho de Estado desde 2013, anunciou em março de 2022 que deixaria o cargo no início de 2023, pois atingiria o limite de dois mandatos. O primeiro-ministro é o segundo em comando no governo chinês depois do secretário-geral e o cargo administrativo de mais alto nível. Eles também são membros do Comitê Permanente e do Politburo. A principal responsabilidade do primeiro-ministro é supervisionar o trabalho do Conselho de Estado, o ramo executivo do governo, que supervisiona uma ampla gama de órgãos governamentais, incluindo o Banco Popular da China (PBOC), o Escritório Nacional de Auditoria e 21 ministérios. O primeiro-ministro também preside as reuniões executivas semanais do Conselho de Estado, em que são discutidas as políticas econômicas e sociais importantes e têm o poder de decisão final sobre as principais questões do Conselho de Estado. </p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Além de Li Keqiang, dos 7 do Comitê Permanente, também devem se aposentar Han Zheng e Li Zhanshu.<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;"> </em></span>Han Zheng, o atual vice-premier, completará 68 anos em 2022, que é exatamente a idade tradicional de aposentadoria. Como Han não é um aliado próximo de Xi, é improvável que ele seja promovido após essa idade. Outro membro, Li Zhanshu, é o atual presidente do comitê permanente da Assembleia Popular Nacional da China. Ele é conhecido por ser o terceiro homem mais poderoso do país e é considerado próximo de Xi. Tem 71 anos. Existe maior dúvida quanto a Wang Yang que tem 67 anos e é secretário do Partido da Conferência Consultiva Política do Povo Chinês, atuou como vice-primeiro-ministro de 2013 a 2018 e é considerado próximo do grupo de Hu Jintao. </p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Wang Huning, por vezes conhecido como <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">mastermind</em> por trás de Xi Jinping, atuou como conselheiro-chefe de três presidentes desde 1995, preparando teorias a serviço de três governantes. Membro do Comitê Permanente do Politburo, é um dos principais teóricos ideológicos da China, apontado por alguns observadores como o “homem de ideias” por trás de cada um dos conceitos políticos de assinatura de Xi, incluindo o “Sonho da China”, a campanha anticorrupção, a Iniciativa do Cinturão e Rota, uma política externa mais assertiva e até mesmo o “Pensamento Xi Jinping”. Tem numerosos livros e é conhecido por defender que a China deve resistir à influência liberal global e se tornar uma nação culturalmente unificada e autoconfiante, governada por um Estado-partido forte e centralizado. Como reitor de política internacional na Universidade de Fudan, ele treinou seus alunos na oratória britânica e ganhou o primeiro prêmio com eles duas vezes no Asian Universities Debating Competition em Cingapura em 1988 e 1993. Antes de 1995, escreveu mais de uma dúzia de livros que fizeram sucesso. Os líderes da China o levaram para Pequim em 1995 para se juntar à equipe de pesquisa política. Exerceu influência significativa sobre a política e a tomada de decisões sobre os três líderes supremos, um feito raro na política chinesa, o que o fez ganhar comparações com figuras famosas da história chinesa como Zhuge Liang e Han Fei (historiadores chamam este último de “Maquiavel da China”), que também serviram atrás do trono como poderosos conselheiros estratégicos – uma posição referida na literatura chinesa como <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">dishi</em>: “Professor do Imperador”. Tal figura é reconhecível no Ocidente como uma eminência parda. Deve permanecer no Comitê Permanente.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Já Zhao Leji, chefe do Departamento de Organização do Comitê Central do PCCh, aponta as posições-chave no partido, governo, forças armadas, empresas estatais e outras instituições. Tem papel crucial na Comissão de Disciplina. É conhecido por sua longeva proximidade de Xi Jinping. Tem 65 anos e deve seguir no Comitê Permanente.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Portanto, se não houver mudanças na quantidade de membros do Comitê Permanente, devem entrar três novos integrantes. Dos 25 membros do Politburo, excluindo os 7 do Comitê Permanente e nove que atingirão a idade de aposentadoria quando o 20º Congresso for convocado, existem 9 “concorrentes em potencial” que têm a chance de chegar ao Comitê Permanente. Pela idade, poderiam servir um mandato: Chen Quanguo (1955), Cai Qi (1955), Li Hongzhong (1956), Li Xi (1956), Huang Kunming (1956) e Li Qiang (1959). E para dois mandatos: Chen Min’er (1960), Ding Xuexiang (1962) e Hu Chunhua (1963). Para os 25 do Politburo espera-se pelo menos 11 cargos para o próximo mandato, o que será uma considerável remodelação e introdução de membros novos e mais jovens. </p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Antes do 20º Congresso do PCCh em 2022, mudanças vigorosas de liderança estão em andamento. Numerosas estrelas políticas nascidas na década de 1970 tornaram-se membros dos comitês permanentes dos comitês de nível provincial do PCCh, mostrando sua proeminência na arena política da China. Após o 19º Congresso do Partido em 2017, aliados de Xi assumiram as duas primeiras posições nas cidades e províncias mais importantes do país, principalmente Pequim, Xangai, Chongqing, Guangdong, Zhejiang e Hebei. Entre as muitas características coletivas distintas dos atuais chefes provinciais, aquelas que se destacam inequivocamente são a prevalência de líderes que avançaram em suas carreiras em Fujian, Zhejiang e Xangai – todas as regiões onde Xi serviu como chefe de província. </p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Comparado com seus dois antecessores, Xi Jinping teve a vantagem de ter amplos laços regionais. Ele nasceu e foi criado em Pequim e frequentou a faculdade na capital. Como um jovem enviado, <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/xi-jinpings-inner-circle-the-shaanxi-gang/" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(52, 101, 132); box-sizing: inherit; color: #346584; cursor: pointer; height: 12px; line-height: 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;">passou</a> sete anos de formação em Shaanxi, que também foi o local de nascimento de seu pai – o que Xi identificou como seu “lugar de origem ancestral” (<em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">jiguan</em>). Xi avançou em sua carreira política, no entanto, principalmente nas regiões costeiras, incluindo três anos em Hebei, 17 anos em Fujian, cinco anos em Zhejiang e quase um ano em Xangai. Essa combinação de experiências tanto no interior quanto nas áreas costeiras, e em condados rurais de “terra amarela” e cidades fronteiriças da reforma econômica e abertura do país, ampliou a rede política e a base de poder de Xi em um grande número de localidades.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">A experiência administrativa local, especialmente administrando províncias e cidades cruciais, é muito vantajosa. Três principais estrelas em ascensão deste grupo têm experiência substancial de liderança provincial – Ma Xingrui como governador de Guangdong e secretário do partido de Xinjiang, Zhang Qingwei como governador de Hebei, secretário do Partido de Heilongjiang e secretário do Partido de Hunan, e Yuan Jiajun como vice-governador executivo de Ningxia e governador de Zhejiang e secretário do partido. Os secretários provinciais têm <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">status</em> político mais elevado do que os governadores/prefeitos. Entre eles, aqueles que atuam como membros do Politburo desfrutam de uma classificação mais alta do que seus pares sem filiação ao Politburo. Os chefes provinciais (secretários do partido, governadores ou prefeitos) são frequentemente os principais candidatos a cargos poderosos em Pequim, afirmando a tendência das últimas décadas de que os cargos oficiais provinciais são degraus fundamentais para posições de liderança nacional.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">De acordo com dados populacionais divulgados pelo Bureau Nacional de Estatísticas da China em 2020, as <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/279013/population-in-china-by-region/" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(52, 101, 132); box-sizing: inherit; color: #346584; cursor: pointer; height: 12px; line-height: 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;">cinco maiores províncias</a> da China – Guangdong (126 milhões), Shandong (102 mi), Henan (99 mi), Jiangsu (85 mi) e Sichuan (84 mi) – são todas mais populosas do que a <a href="https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Current-Population/_node.html" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(52, 101, 132); box-sizing: inherit; color: #346584; cursor: pointer; height: 12px; line-height: 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;">Alemanha</a> (83 milhões), a maior nação da UE. Além disso, a população de Guangdong é a mesma do Japão (126 milhões), que atualmente ocupa o 11º lugar no mundo em tamanho populacional. Os resultados econômicos dessas províncias chinesas são mais do que substanciais. No início de 2022, o PIB total da <a href="https://finance.sina.com.cn/china/2022-02-01/doc-ikyakumy3797747.shtml" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(52, 101, 132); box-sizing: inherit; color: #346584; cursor: pointer; height: 12px; line-height: 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;">Província de Guangdong</a> (US$ 1,93 trilhão) superava o da <a href="https://www.populationu.com/gen/countries-by-gdp#rank" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(52, 101, 132); box-sizing: inherit; color: #346584; cursor: pointer; height: 12px; line-height: 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;">Coreia do Sul</a> (US$ 1,91 trilhão), o país com o 10º maior PIB do mundo. Uma fonte oficial chinesa ainda destacou que, em termos de proeminência econômica, a província de Guangdong não fica muito atrás da Itália (US$ 2,3 trilhões) e do Canadá (US$ 2,2 trilhões), países com o 8º e 9º maiores PIBs. Além disso, se incluídas no ranking de PIBs por país, <a href="https://finance.sina.com.cn/china/2022-02-01/doc-ikyakumy3797747.shtml" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(52, 101, 132); box-sizing: inherit; color: #346584; cursor: pointer; height: 12px; line-height: 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;">nove províncias chinesas</a> (Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Henan, Sichuan, Hubei, Fujian e Hunan) cairiam na mesma faixa das 20 maiores economias do mundo. Por fim, de acordo com dados do Banco Mundial em 2020, o PIB da província de Hunan (US$ 0,71 trilhão) superou o da Arábia Saudita (US$ 0,70 trilhão), país classificado em 20º no mundo.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Jovens lideranças, da sétima geração, foram nomeados secretários do partido nas principais cidades, incluindo várias capitais de províncias importantes. Os exemplos mais proeminentes são o secretário do partido de Jinan (Liu Qiang, 1971), Xiamen (Cui Yonghui, 1970), Hangzhou (Liu Jie, 1970), Wenzhou (Liu Xiaotao, 1970), Suzhou (Cao Lubao, 1971), Taiyuan (Wei Tao, 1970), Kunming (Liu Hongjian, 1973) e Urumqi (Yang Fasen, 1971). Todos esses líderes atuam simultaneamente como membros do Comitê Permanente do Partido em suas respectivas províncias. Dado o alto <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">status</em> administrativo dessas cidades, espera-se que todos estes secretários municipais se tornem membros pela primeira vez (provavelmente como suplentes, mas potencialmente como membros plenos) do 20º CC. </p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Outra transformação em curso é a ascensão do que se vem chamando de “Clube Cosmos”, formado por figuras com experiência no programa espacial da China. Entre as 96 empresas emblemáticas da China sob a liderança da Comissão de Supervisão e Administração de Ativos Estatais (SASAC), conhecida como <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">yangqi</em> em chinês, 49 têm alto <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">status</em>, o que significa que seus presidentes, secretários do partido e os presidentes têm o mesmo <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">status</em> que os líderes de nível de vice-ministro. Entre essas 49 empresas, 17 estão nas indústrias aeroespacial e de aviação ou se relacionam com elas. </p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">No geral, os três grandes conglomerados estatais – CASC, CASIC e AVIC – constituem os principais impulsionadores das indústrias aeroespacial e de aviação da China. Eles estão entre as 10 maiores empresas do complexo militar-industrial da China e na lista Fortune Global 500. A CASC atualmente <a href="http://www.spacechina.com/n25/n142/n152/n164/index.html" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(52, 101, 132); box-sizing: inherit; color: #346584; cursor: pointer; height: 12px; line-height: 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;">realiza</a> tarefas de desenvolvimento, produção e teste para veículos de lançamento, satélites de aplicação, espaçonaves tripuladas, estações espaciais, veículos de exploração do espaço profundo, mísseis estratégicos e táticos e outros produtos aeroespaciais, bem como sistemas de armas. Atualmente, abriga oito complexos de pesquisa e produção científica em grande escala (chamados “academias”), 11 empresas corporativas especializadas e 14 empresas listadas com um total de 174 mil funcionários na China e no exterior. A CASIC <a href="http://www.casic.com.cn/n12377374/n12378092/index.html" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(52, 101, 132); box-sizing: inherit; color: #346584; cursor: pointer; height: 12px; line-height: 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;">engajou</a>-se principalmente no desenvolvimento de veículos de lançamento e produtos de tecnologia espacial, foguetes e satélites. Possui atualmente 23 empresas secundárias sob sua jurisdição e mantém 150 mil funcionários.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">A AVIC <a href="http://www.avic.com.cn/" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(52, 101, 132); box-sizing: inherit; color: #346584; cursor: pointer; height: 12px; line-height: 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;">produz</a> equipamentos de aviação, aeronaves militares, aeronaves de transporte, helicópteros e equipamentos e sistemas aéreos. Também se dedica à pesquisa de aviação, testes de voo, logística comercial, gerenciamento de ativos, planejamento e construção de engenharia e desenvolvimento automotivo. A AVIC tem mais de 100 empresas sob sua jurisdição e 450 mil funcionários. Sua presença global se estende a 60 escritórios em 29 países. </p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Figuras notáveis no clube incluem o secretário do partido de Xinjiang, Ma Xingrui (1959), o secretário do partido de Hunan, Zhang Qingwei (1961), o secretário do partido de Zhejiang, Yuan Jiajun (1962), o conselheiro de Estado Wang Yong (1955), o ministro da Supervisão de Ativos Estatais e Comissão de Administração (SASAC) Hao Peng (1960) e Vice-Diretor Executivo do Escritório de Fusão Militar-Civil Jin Zhuanglong (1964). Esses seis líderes têm décadas de experiência de trabalho nas indústrias espacial e de aviação da China e atualmente são membros plenos do Comitê Central (CC) do Partido Comunista Chinês (PCCh). Dois e talvez até três deles serão fortes candidatos ao Politburo no 20º Congresso do Partido neste outono, e a maioria deles desempenhará um papel importante no terceiro mandato de Xi Jinping e além.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Outro que pode ascender ao Politburo é o recém-nomeado secretário do partido de Hunan, Zhang Qingwei, membro do Comitê Central por quatro mandatos. Tem 60 anos, 23 anos de experiência de trabalho no campo aeroespacial e já foi vice-comandante-chefe do programa de voos espaciais tripulados da China. Atuou como CEO da Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (COMAC) e desempenhou um papel fundamental na construção da grande aeronave comercial da China. Em 2007, aos 46 anos, tornou-se diretor da Comissão Estadual de Ciência, Tecnologia e Indústria de Defesa Nacional, cargo ministerial. Com essa nomeação, ele também se tornou um dos ministros mais jovens dos ministérios nacionais da China na época, e é considerado um alto funcionário de destaque entre a geração pós-60. </p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Um dos objetivos estratégicos do congresso deve ser acelerar o desenvolvimento civil e militar integral do país, especialmente em termos de sua competição com os Estados Unidos nos próximos anos. Em janeiro de 2017, Xi Jinping estabeleceu uma nova comissão para supervisionar a integração do desenvolvimento militar e civil, conhecida como comissão de fusão militar-civil, com o próprio Xi como chefe. Indiscutivelmente o fornecedor de tecnologia mais importante na fusão do desenvolvimento militar e civil é a indústria aeroespacial, que realizou megaprojetos de alto nível, como o Programa de Exploração Lunar (também conhecido como Programa Chang’e), o Programa Espacial Tripulado (Programa Shenzhou) e a Estação Espacial Tiangong, entre outros. Existem sem dúvida outras razões importantes para Xi promover líderes da indústria aeroespacial, que incluem: 1) expandir canais para seleção de elite; 2) ampliar e diversificar sua base de poder político; 3) promover uma nova geração de tecnocratas com uma inclinação mais forte para a inovação indígena; 4) nomear “estranhos” para cargos de liderança provincial/municipal para minar o localismo econômico e facções políticas baseadas na localidade; 5) nomear ex-CEOs das principais empresas da China para serem chefes provinciais, a fim de aumentar a eficiência econômica e a competição internacional das localidades; 6) promover o desenvolvimento integrado de empresas militares e civis; e 7) fortalecer a segurança nacional por meio da construção de uma indústria de defesa mais modernizada.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">No 19º Congresso Nacional, em 2017, o Pensamento Xi Jinping sobre o Socialismo com Características Chinesas para uma Nova Era foi inscrito na Constituição do PCCh, elevando-o ao mesmo <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">status</em> do Pensamento Mao Zedong. Isso foi significativo porque os dois secretários gerais anteriores, Hu Jintao e Jiang Zemin, não são mencionados no texto, e a contribuição de Deng Xiaoping foi comemorada postumamente como uma “teoria” em vez de um “pensamento”. O que aponta que o Congresso terá como importante decisão a reeleição de Xi Jinping como secretário-geral para um terceiro mandato sem precedentes e a potencial codificação do pensamento de Xi Jinping na Carta do Partido. Durante o 19º Congresso Nacional, Xi Jinping apresentou um relatório com o título “Garantir uma vitória decisiva na construção de uma sociedade moderadamente próspera em todos os aspectos e lutar pelo grande sucesso do socialismo com características chinesas para uma nova era”. O relatório, entre outras diretrizes e metas de desenvolvimento, estabeleceu um plano de desenvolvimento em duas etapas para o período de 2020 a 2035 e de 2035 a 2050. O relatório que será entregue no 20º Congresso Nacional buscará continuar a desenvolver esses objetivos e temas, destacando-se algumas das principais políticas de Xi Jinping, como “Prosperidade Comum”, “Circulação Dupla”, “Rota da Seda” sejam incorporadas ao plano de desenvolvimento. Muitos analistas também acreditam que o Pensamento Xi Jinping sobre o Socialismo com Características Chinesas para uma Nova Era será colocado em pé de igualdade com as doutrinas centrais do Partido de Mao Zedong.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Mais recentemente, em março de 2021, o Politburo <a href="http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/kgfb/202111/d616897ee84e4d668bb1ffd8fc791cff.shtml" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(52, 101, 132); box-sizing: inherit; color: #346584; cursor: pointer; height: 12px; line-height: 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;">estabeleceu</a> um grupo de redação de documentos focado em reunir as “grandes conquistas e a experiência histórica dos esforços centenários do PCCh”. Xi Jinping atuou como chefe do grupo e dois membros atuais do PSC, Wang Huning (1955) e Zhao Leji (1957), atuaram como vice-chefes. Isso pode sugerir que Wang e Zhao desempenharão papéis importantes sob a liderança de Xi Jinping do grupo de redação de documentos do 20º Congresso do Partido. Os membros deste grupo provavelmente incluirão o atual Diretor do Departamento Central de Propaganda Huang Kunming (1956), Vice-Presidente Executivo da Escola Central do Partido Li Shulei (1964) e Diretor do Escritório de Pesquisa de Políticas Jiang Jinquan (1959). </p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Estas são algumas transformações que se espera no Congresso neste outubro. Ainda será preciso analisar os planos econômicos e políticos que surgiram do encontro. É um momento de transição, mas que deve se focar na capacidade de continuidade para preservar a legitimidade do Partido. Como dizia Deng Xiaoping, “a transição da liderança partidária deve ser institucionalizada e exaustivamente consultada e examinada”.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span class="text-like" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;"><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Gostou do texto? 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font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span></a></div><div class="post-content--author" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://outraspalavras.net/author/fernando/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #585858; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;"><h4 class="post-content--author-name" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: inherit; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 25px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; text-transform: uppercase;">FERNANDO MARCELINO</h4><div class="post-content--author-biography" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Frank Ruhl Libre", serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fernando Marcelino é natural de Curitiba, mestre em Ciência Política e doutorando em Ciências Sociais pela Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR).</div></a></div></div></div>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-35952377807055597522022-09-15T20:23:00.004-07:002022-09-15T20:23:39.400-07:00Império de Bases da América<p> </p><blockquote style="background-color: white; border-left: 0px; border-top: 6px solid rgb(1, 59, 109); box-sizing: inherit; color: #020202; font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, Raleway, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; hyphens: auto; margin-left: calc(5rem); margin-right: calc(3.75rem); margin-top: calc(2rem); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">por</span><a data-wpel-link="internal" href="https://tomdispatch.com/authors/chalmersjohnson" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #013b6d; font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, Raleway, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 110ms ease-in-out 0s;"> Chalmers Johnson</a></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Diferentemente de outros povos, a maioria dos americanos não reconhece – ou não quer reconhecer – que os Estados Unidos dominam o mundo por meio de seu poder militar. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Devido ao sigilo do governo, nossos cidadãos muitas vezes ignoram o fato de que nossas guarnições circundam o planeta. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Essa vasta rede de bases americanas em todos os continentes, exceto na Antártida, na verdade constitui uma nova forma de império – um império de bases com sua própria geografia, que provavelmente não será ensinada em nenhuma aula de geografia do ensino médio. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Sem compreender as dimensões deste mundo-base que circunda o globo, não se pode começar a entender o tamanho e a natureza de nossas aspirações imperiais ou o grau em que um novo tipo de militarismo está minando nossa ordem constitucional.</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Nossos militares empregam bem mais de meio milhão de soldados, espiões, técnicos, professores, dependentes e contratados civis em outras nações. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Para dominar os oceanos e mares do mundo, estamos criando cerca de treze forças-tarefa navais construídas em torno de porta-aviões cujos nomes resumem nossa herança marcial - </span></span><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Kitty Hawk, Constellation, Enterprise, John F. Kennedy, Nimitz, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Carl Vinson, Theodore Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln, George Washington, John C. Stennis, Harry S. Truman</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> e </span><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Ronald Reagan</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Operamos inúmeras bases secretas fora de nosso território para monitorar o que as pessoas do mundo, incluindo nossos próprios cidadãos, estão dizendo, enviando fax ou e-mail uns aos outros.</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Nossas instalações no exterior trazem lucros para as indústrias civis, que projetam e fabricam armas para as forças armadas ou, como a agora amplamente divulgada empresa Kellogg, Brown & Root, uma subsidiária da Halliburton Corporation de Houston, realizam serviços contratados para construir e manter nossos postos avançados distantes. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Uma tarefa de tais empreiteiros é manter os membros uniformizados do imperium alojados em quartos confortáveis, bem alimentados, entretidos e abastecidos com instalações de férias agradáveis e acessíveis. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Setores inteiros da economia americana passaram a depender dos militares para as vendas. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Na véspera de nossa segunda guerra no Iraque, por exemplo, enquanto o Departamento de Defesa estava ordenando uma ração extra de mísseis de cruzeiro e projéteis de tanques perfurantes de urânio empobrecido, também adquiriu 273.000 garrafas de protetor solar Native Tan,</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">Pelo menos setecentas bases estrangeiras</span></p></blockquote><blockquote style="background-color: white; border-left: 0px; border-top: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #020202; font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, Raleway, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; hyphens: auto; margin-left: calc(5rem); margin-right: calc(3.75rem); margin-top: calc(1rem); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Não é fácil avaliar o tamanho ou o valor exato do nosso império de bases. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Os registros oficiais sobre esses assuntos são enganosos, embora instrutivos. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">De acordo com o “Relatório de Estrutura de Bases” anual do Departamento de Defesa para o ano fiscal de 2003, que detalha os imóveis militares nacionais e estrangeiros dos EUA, o Pentágono atualmente possui ou aluga 702 bases no exterior em cerca de 130 países e TEM outras 6.000 bases nos Estados Unidos e seus territórios. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Os burocratas do Pentágono calculam que seriam necessários pelo menos US$ 113,2 bilhões para substituir apenas as bases estrangeiras – certamente um número muito baixo, mas ainda maior que o produto interno bruto da maioria dos países – e cerca de US$ 591,5 bilhões para substituir todas elas. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">O alto comando militar envia para nossas bases no exterior cerca de 253.288 militares uniformizados, </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">mais um número igual de dependentes e funcionários civis do Departamento de Defesa, e emprega mais 44.446 estrangeiros contratados localmente. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">O Pentágono afirma que essas bases contêm 44.870 quartéis, hangares, hospitais e outros prédios, de sua propriedade, e que aluga mais 4.844.</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Esses números, embora surpreendentemente grandes, não cobrem todas as bases reais que ocupamos globalmente. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">O Relatório de Status da Base de 2003 não menciona, por exemplo, quaisquer guarnições em Kosovo – embora seja o local do enorme Camp Bondsteel, construído em 1999 e mantido desde então pela Kellogg, Brown & Root. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">O Relatório também omite bases no Afeganistão, Iraque, Israel, Kuwait, Quirguistão, Catar e Uzbequistão, embora os militares dos EUA tenham estabelecido estruturas de bases colossais ao longo do chamado arco de instabilidade nos dois anos e meio desde 9 /11.</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Para Okinawa, a ilha mais ao sul do Japão, que tem sido uma colônia militar americana nos últimos 58 anos, o relatório lista enganosamente apenas uma base da Marinha, Camp Butler, quando na verdade Okinawa “hospeda” dez bases do Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais, incluindo o Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais Aéreo. Estação Futenma ocupando 1.186 acres no centro da segunda maior cidade dessa ilha de tamanho modesto. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">(O Central Park de Manhattan, em contraste, tem apenas 843 acres.) O Pentágono também não nota todos os US$ 5 bilhões em instalações militares e de espionagem na Grã-Bretanha, que há muito estão convenientemente disfarçadas de bases da Força Aérea Real. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Se houvesse uma contagem honesta, o tamanho real do nosso império militar provavelmente superaria 1.000 bases diferentes em países de outras pessoas, mas ninguém – possivelmente nem mesmo o Pentágono – sabe o número exato com certeza,</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Para os seus ocupantes, estes não são lugares desagradáveis para viver e trabalhar. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">O serviço militar hoje, que é voluntário, quase não tem relação com os deveres de um soldado durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial ou as guerras coreana ou vietnamita. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">A maioria das tarefas como lavanderia, KP (“polícia de cozinha”), correspondência e limpeza de latrinas foram subcontratadas a empresas militares privadas como Kellogg, Brown & Root, DynCorp e Vinnell Corporation. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Um terço dos fundos recentemente apropriados para a guerra no Iraque (cerca de US$ 30 bilhões), por exemplo, está indo para mãos privadas americanas exatamente para esses serviços. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Sempre que possível, tudo é feito para que a vida cotidiana pareça uma versão hollywoodiana da vida em casa. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">De acordo com o </span></span><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Washington Post</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">, em Fallujah, a oeste de Bagdá, garçons de camisa branca, calça preta e gravata borboleta preta servem o jantar para os oficiais da 82ª Divisão Aerotransportada em seu complexo fortemente vigiado, e o primeiro Burger King já subiu dentro do enorme exército base que estabelecemos no Aeroporto Internacional de Bagdá.</span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Algumas dessas bases são tão gigantescas que exigem até nove rotas internas de ônibus para soldados e empreiteiros civis se locomoverem dentro das bermas de terra e arame farpado. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">É o caso de Camp Anaconda, quartel-general da 3ª Brigada, 4ª Divisão de Infantaria, cujo trabalho é policiar cerca de 1.500 milhas quadradas do Iraque ao norte de Bagdá, de Samarra a Taji. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">O Anaconda ocupa 25 quilômetros quadrados e abrigará até 20.000 soldados. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Apesar das extensas precauções de segurança, a base foi frequentemente atacada por morteiros, principalmente no dia 4 de julho de 2003, exatamente quando Arnold Schwarzenegger conversava com nossos feridos no hospital de campanha local.</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Os militares preferem bases que se assemelham a pequenas cidades fundamentalistas do Cinturão Bíblico em vez dos grandes centros populacionais dos Estados Unidos. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Por exemplo, embora mais de 100.000 mulheres vivam em nossas bases no exterior – incluindo mulheres nos serviços, cônjuges e parentes de militares – é proibido fazer um aborto em um hospital militar local. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Uma vez que há cerca de 14.000 agressões sexuais ou tentativas de agressão sexual a cada ano nas forças armadas, as mulheres que engravidam no exterior e querem um aborto não têm escolha a não ser tentar a economia local, que não pode ser fácil ou agradável em Bagdá ou em outras partes do nosso país. império nos dias de hoje.</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Nossos missionários armados vivem em um mundo fechado e independente, servido por sua própria companhia aérea - o Comando de Mobilidade Aérea, com sua frota de C-17 Globemasters de longo alcance, C-5 Galaxies, C-141 Starlifters, KC-135 Stratotankers, KC-10 Extenders e C-9 Nightingales que ligam nossos postos avançados da Groenlândia à Austrália. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Para generais e almirantes, os militares fornecem setenta e um Learjets, treze Gulfstream IIIs e dezessete jatos de luxo Cessna Citation para levá-los a locais como o centro de esqui e férias das forças armadas em Garmisch, nos Alpes da Baviera, ou a qualquer um dos 234 campos de golfe militares o Pentágono opera em todo o mundo. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">O secretário de Defesa Donald Rumsfeld voa em seu próprio Boeing 757 pessoal, chamado de C-32A na Força Aérea.</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">Nossa “Pegada” no Mundo</span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">De todas as metáforas insensíveis, ainda que gráficas, que permitimos em nosso vocabulário, nenhuma se iguala a “pegada” para descrever o impacto militar de nosso império. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">O presidente do Estado-Maior Conjunto, general Richard Myers, e membros seniores do Subcomitê de Construção Militar do Senado, como Dianne Feinstein (D-CA), são aparentemente incapazes de completar uma sentença sem usá-la. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Estabelecer uma pegada mais impressionante agora se tornou parte da nova justificativa para uma grande ampliação de nosso império – e um reposicionamento anunciado de nossas bases e forças no exterior – na esteira de nossa conquista do Iraque. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">O responsável por este projeto é Andy Hoehn, vice-secretário adjunto de defesa para estratégia. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ele e seus colegas devem traçar planos para implementar a estratégia de guerra preventiva do presidente Bush contra “estados párias”, “bandidos, </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">” e “malfeitores”. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Eles identificaram algo que chamam de “arco da instabilidade”, que se diz que vai da região andina da América do Sul (leia-se: Colômbia) através do norte da África e depois varre o Oriente Médio até as Filipinas e a Indonésia. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Isso é, é claro, mais ou menos idêntico ao que costumava ser chamado de Terceiro Mundo – e talvez não menos crucial, abrange as principais reservas de petróleo do mundo. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Hoehn afirma: “Quando você sobrepõe nossa pegada a isso, não parecemos particularmente bem posicionados para lidar com os problemas que agora vamos enfrentar”. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">mais ou menos idêntico ao que costumava ser chamado de Terceiro Mundo - e talvez não menos crucial, abrange as principais reservas de petróleo do mundo. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Hoehn afirma: “Quando você sobrepõe nossa pegada a isso, não parecemos particularmente bem posicionados para lidar com os problemas que agora vamos enfrentar”. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">mais ou menos idêntico ao que costumava ser chamado de Terceiro Mundo - e talvez não menos crucial, abrange as principais reservas de petróleo do mundo. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Hoehn afirma: “Quando você sobrepõe nossa pegada a isso, não parecemos particularmente bem posicionados para lidar com os problemas que agora vamos enfrentar”.</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Era uma vez, você poderia rastrear a propagação do imperialismo contando colônias. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">A versão americana da colônia é a base militar. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Seguindo as mudanças políticas de base global, pode-se aprender muito sobre nossa posição imperial cada vez maior e o militarismo que cresce com ela. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Militarismo e imperialismo são gêmeos siameses unidos pelo quadril. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Cada um prospera o outro. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Já altamente avançados em nosso país, ambos estão à beira de um salto quântico que quase certamente estenderá nossas forças armadas além de suas capacidades, causando insolvência fiscal e muito possivelmente causando danos mortais às nossas instituições republicanas. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">A única maneira de discutir isso em nossa imprensa é através de reportagens sobre planos altamente misteriosos para mudanças na política de base e no posicionamento das tropas no exterior - e esses planos, conforme relatado na mídia,</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Brigadeiro Marinho. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">O general Mastin Robeson, comandando nossos 1.800 soldados que ocupam a antiga base da Legião Estrangeira Francesa em Camp Lemonier em Djibuti, na entrada do Mar Vermelho, afirma que, para colocar a “guerra preventiva” em ação, precisamos de uma “presença global”. com o que ele quer dizer ganhar hegemonia sobre qualquer lugar que ainda não esteja sob nosso controle. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">De acordo com o American Enterprise Institute, de direita, a ideia é criar “uma cavalaria global” que possa vir das “paliçadas da fronteira” e atirar nos “bandidos” assim que tivermos alguma informação sobre eles.</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">“Lily Pads” na Austrália, Romênia, Mali, Argélia. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">A fim de colocar nossas forças perto de cada ponto quente ou área de perigo neste recém-descoberto arco de instabilidade, o Pentágono vem propondo - isso geralmente é chamado de "reposicionamento" - muitas novas bases, incluindo pelo menos quatro e talvez até seis permanentes no Iraque. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Vários deles já estão em construção – no Aeroporto Internacional de Bagdá, na base aérea de Tallil perto de Nasariyah, no deserto ocidental perto da fronteira com a Síria, e no campo aéreo de Bashur, na região curda do norte. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">(Isso não inclui o Anaconda mencionado anteriormente, que atualmente está sendo chamado de “base operacional”, embora possa muito bem se tornar permanente com o tempo.) Além disso, planejamos manter sob nosso controle todo o bairro norte do Kuwait – 1.600 milhas quadradas dos 6 do Kuwait,</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Outros países mencionados como locais para o que Colin Powell chama de nossa nova “família de bases” incluem: Nas áreas empobrecidas da “nova” Europa – Romênia, Polônia e Bulgária; </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">na Ásia — Paquistão (onde já temos quatro bases), Índia, Austrália, Cingapura, Malásia, Filipinas e até, inacreditavelmente, Vietnã; </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">no Norte da África — Marrocos, Tunísia e, sobretudo, Argélia (cenário da chacina de cerca de 100 mil civis desde 1992, quando, para anular uma eleição, os militares assumiram o poder, apoiados por nosso país e pela França); </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">e na África Ocidental — Senegal, Gana, Mali e Serra Leoa (embora tenha sido dilacerada pela guerra civil desde 1991). </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Os modelos para todas essas novas instalações, segundo fontes do Pentágono, são a série de bases que construímos ao redor do Golfo Pérsico nas últimas duas décadas em autocracias antidemocráticas como Bahrein, Kuwait,</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">A maioria dessas novas bases será o que os militares, em uma troca de metáforas, chamam de “lily pads” para as quais nossas tropas poderiam pular como tantos sapos bem armados da pátria, nossas bases restantes da OTAN ou bases nos dóceis satélites do Japão e da Grã-Bretanha. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Para compensar a despesa envolvida em tal expansão, o Pentágono vaza planos para fechar muitas das enormes reservas militares da Guerra Fria na Alemanha, Coréia do Sul e talvez Okinawa como parte da “racionalização” de nossas forças armadas do Secretário de Defesa Rumsfeld. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Na esteira da vitória no Iraque, os EUA já retiraram praticamente todas as suas forças da Arábia Saudita e da Turquia, em parte como forma de puni-los por não apoiarem a guerra com força suficiente. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Quer fazer o mesmo com a Coreia do Sul, talvez a democracia mais antiamericana da Terra hoje,</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Na Europa, esses planos incluem desistir de várias bases na Alemanha, também em parte por causa do desafio popular do chanceler Gerhard Schröder a Bush em relação ao Iraque. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Mas o grau em que somos capazes de fazê-lo pode ser realmente limitado. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">No nível mais simples, os planejadores do Pentágono não parecem realmente entender quantos edifícios os 71.702 soldados e aviadores ocupam somente na Alemanha e quão caro seria reposicionar a maioria deles e construir bases ligeiramente comparáveis, juntamente com a infraestrutura necessária , em antigos países comunistas como a Romênia, um dos países mais pobres da Europa. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">A tenente-coronel Amy Ehmann em Hanau, na Alemanha, disse à imprensa “Não há lugar para colocar essas pessoas” na Romênia, Bulgária ou Djibuti, e ela prevê que 80% deles no final ficarão na Alemanha.</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Uma razão pela qual o Pentágono está considerando sair de democracias ricas como Alemanha e Coreia do Sul e olha cobiçosamente para ditaduras militares e dependências atingidas pela pobreza é tirar vantagem do que o Pentágono chama de “regulamentos ambientais mais permissivos”. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">O Pentágono sempre impõe aos países em que desdobra nossas forças os chamados Acordos de Status das Forças, que geralmente isentam os Estados Unidos de limpar ou pagar pelos danos ambientais que causam. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Esta é uma queixa permanente em Okinawa, onde o registro ambiental americano tem sido nada menos que abominável. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Parte dessa atitude é simplesmente o desejo do Pentágono de se colocar além de qualquer uma das restrições que regem a vida civil, uma atitude cada vez mais em jogo também na “pátria”. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Por exemplo,</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Embora haja todas as razões para acreditar que o impulso de criar cada vez mais nenúfares no Terceiro Mundo permaneça incontrolado, há várias razões para duvidar que alguns dos planos mais grandiosos, seja de expansão ou redução, sejam implementados ou , se forem, que farão qualquer coisa além de tornar o problema do terrorismo pior do que é. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Por um lado, a Rússia se opõe à expansão do poder militar dos EUA em suas fronteiras e já está se movendo para dar xeque-mate às investidas americanas em lugares como Geórgia, Quirguistão e Uzbequistão. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">A primeira base aérea russa pós-era soviética no Quirguistão acaba de ser concluída a quarenta milhas da base norte-americana em Bishkek e, em dezembro de 2003, o ditador do Uzbequistão, Islam Karimov, declarou que não permitiria o envio permanente de tropas americanas.</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Quando se trata de downsizing, por outro lado, a política doméstica pode entrar em jogo. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Por lei, a Comissão de Realinhamento e Fechamento de Bases do Pentágono deve apresentar sua quinta e última lista de bases domésticas a serem fechadas à Casa Branca até 8 de setembro de 2005. Como medida de eficiência, o secretário de Defesa Rumsfeld disse que gostaria de ser livrar de pelo menos um terço das bases domésticas do Exército e um quarto das bases domésticas da Força Aérea, o que certamente produzirá uma tempestade política no Capitólio. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">A fim de proteger as bases de seus respectivos estados, as duas mães do Subcomitê de Apropriações de Construção Militar do Senado, Kay Bailey Hutchison (R-TX) e Dianne Feinstein, estão exigindo que o Pentágono feche as bases no exterior primeiro e traga as tropas agora estacionadas lá. abrigar bases domésticas, que poderiam então permanecer abertas. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Hutchison e Feinstein incluíram na Lei de Apropriações Militares de 2004 dinheiro para uma comissão independente para investigar e informar sobre bases no exterior que não são mais necessárias. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">O governo Bush se opôs a esta disposição da lei, mas ela foi aprovada de qualquer maneira e o presidente a sancionou em 22 de novembro de 2003. O Pentágono provavelmente é hábil o suficiente para paralisar a comissão, mas um furor doméstico de fechamento de bases claramente aparece no horizonte.</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">De longe, o maior defeito da estratégia da “cavalaria global”, no entanto, é que ela acentua o impulso de Washington de aplicar remédios militares irrelevantes ao terrorismo. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Como observou o proeminente historiador militar britânico Correlli Barnett, os ataques dos EUA ao Afeganistão e ao Iraque apenas aumentaram a ameaça da Al-Qaeda. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">De 1993 até os ataques de 11 de setembro de 2001, houve cinco grandes ataques da Al-Qaeda em todo o mundo; </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">nos dois anos desde então, houve dezessete desses atentados, incluindo os ataques suicidas de Istambul ao consulado britânico e a um banco HSBC. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Operações militares contra terroristas não são a solução. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Como Barnett coloca, “Em vez de derrubar as portas da frente e invadir sociedades antigas e complexas com simples panacéias de 'liberdade e democracia', precisamos de táticas de astúcia e sutileza,</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Em seu notório memorando “longo e difícil” sobre o Iraque de 16 de outubro de 2003, o secretário de Defesa Rumsfeld escreveu: “Hoje, não temos métricas para saber se estamos ganhando ou perdendo a guerra global contra o terror”. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">As “métricas” de Correlli-Barnett indicam o contrário. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Mas a “guerra ao terrorismo” é, na melhor das hipóteses, apenas uma pequena parte do motivo de todas as nossas estratégias militares. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">A verdadeira razão para construir este novo anel de bases americanas ao longo do equador é expandir nosso império e reforçar nossa dominação militar do mundo.</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">O último livro de Chalmers Johnson é </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805070044/nationbooks08" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #013b6d; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 110ms ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: normal;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic</span></span></span></a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> (Metropolitan). </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Seu livro anterior, </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805075593/nationbooks08" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #013b6d; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 110ms ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: normal;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire</span></span></span></a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> , acaba de ser atualizado com uma nova introdução.</span></span></em></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Adobe Caslon Pro", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.375rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Copyright C2004 Chalmers Johnson</span></p></blockquote>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-82658753367824217152022-09-15T19:43:00.003-07:002022-09-15T19:43:17.384-07:00A rainha está morta. República agora!<p> <span style="font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; font-size: 1.2em; text-transform: uppercase;">15 DE SETEMBRO DE 2022</span></p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px;"></span><h1 class="headline" style="font-family: minion-pro-condensed, serif; font-size: 1.912em; line-height: calc(18px + 1.15vw); margin: 0px; max-width: 800px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><br /></h1><span class="post_author_intro" style="font-family: "Source Sans Pro", sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; word-break: break-word;">POR</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px;"> </span><span class="post_author" style="display: inline-block; font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; 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display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;" width="680" /><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-255159" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.3em 0px 20px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Fonte da fotografia: mia! </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">– As estradas e paradas de ônibus de Londres Inglaterra Reino Unido com avisos sobre a Rainha Elizabeth – </span></span><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">CC BY-SA 2.0</span></a></p></div><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em 8 de setembro de 2022, uma mulher de 96 anos morreu. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Nada incomum lá. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em média, 1.679 pessoas morrem no Reino Unido todos os dias. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas desta vez, todos, do </span></span><a href="https://twitter.com/KebabAwards/status/1567931101716574210" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">British Kebab Awards</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> ao </span><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CiQbmZcschr/?hl=de" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">The Prodigy</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , fizeram declarações bajuladoras efusivas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A idiota da primeira-ministra britânica à espera, Liz Truss, </span></span><a href="https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/uknews/politics-latest-news-queen-elizabeth-ii-among-world-s-greatest-ever-leaders-says-liz-truss-watch-live/ar-AA11DdMS?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=U531&cvid=6fdfc9742b104417a256d5176a257564" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">chamou</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> o falecido de “entre os maiores líderes mundiais de todos os tempos”.</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Como a Grã-Bretanha foi enviada para 10 dias de comemoração forçada, a loucura também se espalhou para a Alemanha O chanceler Olaf Scholz </span><a href="https://www.stern.de/kultur/olaf-scholz-trauert-um-die-queen---sie-war-vorbild-und-inspiration--32709158.html" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">a </span></a></span><a href="https://www.stern.de/kultur/olaf-scholz-trauert-um-die-queen---sie-war-vorbild-und-inspiration--32709158.html" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">chamou</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> de “modelo e inspiração para milhões”, enquanto a prefeita de Berlim Franziska Giffey </span><a href="https://www.berlin.de/aktuelles/7741809-958090-giffey-zum-tod-der-queen-schon-zu-lebzei.html" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">disse que</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> “o poder de sua grande personalidade sempre nos fascinou berlinenses”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O Brandenburger Tor foi </span><a href="https://www.bz-berlin.de/berlin/mitte/brandenburger-tor-wird-zu-ehren-der-queen-angestrahlt" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">iluminado com as cores da bandeira da União</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> em sua homenagem.</span></span><a href="https://www.stern.de/kultur/olaf-scholz-trauert-um-die-queen---sie-war-vorbild-und-inspiration--32709158.html" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span><a href="https://www.berlin.de/aktuelles/7741809-958090-giffey-zum-tod-der-queen-schon-zu-lebzei.html" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span><a href="https://www.bz-berlin.de/berlin/mitte/brandenburger-tor-wird-zu-ehren-der-queen-angestrahlt" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mesmo John Lydon, que como Johnny Rotten </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqrAPOZxgzU" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">uma vez escreveu</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> ; </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">"Deus salve a rainha. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ela não é nenhum ser humano. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Não há futuro No sonho da Inglaterra” se envolveu. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele postou </span></span><a href="https://pitchfork.com/news/john-lydon-makes-statement-on-the-death-of-queen-elizabeth-ii/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">a seguinte mensagem</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> nas redes sociais: “Descanse em paz rainha Elizabeth II. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Envie-a vitoriosa De todos em johnlydon.com”.</span></span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Extinction Rebellion estava planejando um chamado Festival de Resistência em Londres. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eles emitiram um </span></span><a href="https://extinctionrebellion.uk/2022/09/08/statement-on-cancellation-of-festival-of-resistance-this-weekend/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">comunicado</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , dizendo: “Devido às notícias de hoje sobre a morte da rainha Elizabeth, a equipe de planejamento da rebelião e outros grupos envolvidos tomaram a difícil decisão de adiar o Festival of Resistance neste fim de semana em Londres até novo aviso”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Então, não há tempo a perder em resistir às mudanças climáticas – a menos que uma velha privilegiada morra?</span></span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Confederação Sindical (TUC) </span><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-62851149" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">adiou </span></a><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-62851149" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">sua conferência</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> . </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Os sindicatos dos </span></span><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-62827929" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">correios</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> e </span><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/rail-strikes-rmt-cancelled-queen-b2163360.html" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">ferroviários</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> cancelaram as greves planejadas, embora, curiosamente, os advogados </span><a href="https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/criminal-barrister-strikes-go-ahead-24974183" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">continuem a greve</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> . </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O líder do sindicato ferroviário RMT, Mick Lynch </span></span><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/queen-death-rail-strike-off-b2163232.html" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">, disse que</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> “o RMT se une a toda a nação em homenagem à rainha Elizabeth”.</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Este é o mesmo Mick Lynch que alguns dias antes declarou orgulhosamente seu amor por James Connolly. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em uma aparição na televisão, ele </span></span><a href="https://www.hotpress.com/film-tv/mick-lynch-names-irish-socialist-icon-james-connolly-as-his-political-hero-22913445" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">perguntou ao entrevistador</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> : “”Você sabe quem é James Connolly? </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele era um republicano socialista irlandês e educou-se e iniciou o sindicalismo não sectário na Irlanda. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">E ele foi um herói da revolução irlandesa.”</span></span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">James Connolly foi de fato um revolucionário irlandês que escreveu </span><a href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/connolly/1911/xx/visitkng.htm" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">o seguinte</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> : “um povo mentalmente envenenado pela adulação da realeza nunca pode alcançar aquele espírito de democracia autossuficiente necessário para a obtenção da liberdade social”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Infelizmente, o torcedor mais famoso de Connolly está mostrando exatamente esse tipo de adulação.</span></span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><b style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Assim como nós?</b></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O líder trabalhista Keir Starmer twittou “Acima dos confrontos políticos, ela não defendeu o que a nação lutou, mas o que concordou” (você pode ler a declaração completa e doentia do Partido Trabalhista </span><a href="https://labour.org.uk/page/queen-elizabeth-ii/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">aqui</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> ). </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas até que ponto a vida dessa mulher educada em particular </span></span><a href="https://www.veranda.com/luxury-lifestyle/g27044934/royal-family-homes/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">com </span></a><a href="https://www.veranda.com/luxury-lifestyle/g27044934/royal-family-homes/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">30 </span></a><a href="https://www.veranda.com/luxury-lifestyle/g27044934/royal-family-homes/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">castelos </span></a><a href="https://www.veranda.com/luxury-lifestyle/g27044934/royal-family-homes/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">se</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> parece com a de uma aposentada normal?</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Um dos últimos atos de Elizabeth Windsor foi </span><a href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/queen-will-help-disgraced-prince-26242479" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">pagar £ 12 </span></a><a href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/queen-will-help-disgraced-prince-26242479" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">milhões</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> para cobrir as custas judiciais de seu filho Andrew. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Andrew é </span></span><a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-uk/prince-andrews-very-bad-week" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">acusado de</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> abusar sexualmente de Virginia Giuffre quando ela era adolescente, e as evidências contra ele parecem convincentes. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Não é sequer uma questão de disputa que ele regularmente </span></span><a href="https://inews.co.uk/news/prince-andrew-jeffrey-epstein-timeline-friendship-virginia-giuffre-settlement-1464023" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">festejava com</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> conhecidos pedófilos e traficantes de sexo.</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Andrew não é o primeiro predador sexual a visitar palácios reais. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O estuprador em série Jimmy Savile usou visitas ao palácio para </span></span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REmssKUjGDw" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">capturar mulheres jovens e lamber seus braços</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> . </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Quando o príncipe Charles e a princesa Diana tiveram dificuldades conjugais, contrataram Savile como conselheira. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Charles pediu-lhe para ajudar a melhorar a imagem da ex-mulher de seu irmão, Sarah Ferguson.</span></span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><b style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Quantos?</b></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Enquanto muitos aposentados britânicos morrem de hipotermia a cada inverno, os Royals têm uma </span><a href="https://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/bills/article-9325319/Royal-Family-spends-2-5m-energy-bills-year.html" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">conta anual de gás</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> de £ 2,5 milhões. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Isso não é algo que eles acham difícil de pagar. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A revista Forbes </span></span><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielshapiro/2021/03/10/inside-the-firm-how-the-royal-familys-28-billion-money-machine-really-works/?sh=518d8efc2bcc" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">estimou</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> no ano passado que a família real vale US$ 28 bilhões. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">No ano passado, o Sovereign Grant, que substituiu a Lista Civil, </span></span><a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1219338/sovereign-grant-value-uk/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">alocou-lhes £ 86,3 milhões</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , em comparação com £ 42,8 cinco anos antes. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Este dinheiro é pago pelo contribuinte britânico.</span></span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Como Bailey Schulz </span><a href="https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/2022/09/09/queen-elizabeth-ii-net-worth-personal-assets-inheritance/8028158001/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">relatou</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> no USA Today, os “bens pessoais de investimentos, imóveis, joias e muito mais da rainha têm um valor estimado de US$ 500 milhões”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O Ducado da Cornualha, do príncipe Charles, herda toda a riqueza das pessoas </span><a href="https://www.theweek.co.uk/107400/prince-charles-bags-1m-cornish-people-dying-without-will" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">que </span></a></span><a href="https://www.theweek.co.uk/107400/prince-charles-bags-1m-cornish-people-dying-without-will" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">morrem na Cornualha sem fazer </span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://www.theweek.co.uk/107400/prince-charles-bags-1m-cornish-people-dying-without-will" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">nada</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> . </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Sua propriedade, no valor de £ 1 bilhão, </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/09/duchy-of-cornwall-estate-worth-1bn-passes-to-prince-william" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">agora passa para o príncipe William</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .</span></span><a href="https://www.theweek.co.uk/107400/prince-charles-bags-1m-cornish-people-dying-without-will" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span></a><a href="https://www.theweek.co.uk/107400/prince-charles-bags-1m-cornish-people-dying-without-will" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/09/duchy-of-cornwall-estate-worth-1bn-passes-to-prince-william" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Os Royals possuem </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/money/2019/apr/17/who-owns-england-thousand-secret-landowners-author" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">1,4% de todas as terras na Inglaterra</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , incluindo </span><a href="https://www.dw.com/en/the-crown-estate-the-mysterious-property-empire-behind-queen-elizabeth-ii/a-57821897" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">quase toda </span></a><a href="https://www.dw.com/en/the-crown-estate-the-mysterious-property-empire-behind-queen-elizabeth-ii/a-57821897" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">a Regent Street</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> e </span><a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/queen-elizabeth-owns-most-of-the-uk-seabed-slowing-conservation" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">a maior parte do fundo do mar do Reino Unido</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> . </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eles têm </span></span><a href="https://www.cheatsheet.com/money-career/private-train-insane-royal-family-travel-expenses.html/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">seu próprio trem</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> que custa pelo menos £ 800.000 por ano e um </span><a href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/royal/1459110/Royal-Family-news-minimum-expenses-rule-mysterious-helicopter-trips" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">helicóptero</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> que custa quase £ 1 milhão. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Um </span></span><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-58002977" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">novo iate real</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> está sendo construído custando £ 250 milhões. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Até </span></span><a href="https://www.outkick.com/queen-elizabeth-funeral-cost/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">o funeral de Elizabeth</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> custará aos contribuintes britânicos 6 bilhões de libras.</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">10 milhões de libras do dinheiro privado da rainha foram </span><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-41878305" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">investidos em paraísos fiscais offshore</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> como as Ilhas Cayman e Bermudas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">É um passo em frente que ela sente a necessidade de esconder seu imposto. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ela só concordou em </span></span><a href="https://moneyweek.com/416287/26-november-1992-the-queen-volunteers-to-pay-income-tax" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">pagar </span></a><a href="https://moneyweek.com/416287/26-november-1992-the-queen-volunteers-to-pay-income-tax" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">qualquer </span></a><a href="https://moneyweek.com/416287/26-november-1992-the-queen-volunteers-to-pay-income-tax" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">imposto de</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> renda em 1992, quando a popularidade da realeza estava no fundo do poço.</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Durante a pandemia de Corona, a rainha </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jun/02/buckingham-palace-banned-ethnic-minorities-from-office-roles-papers-reveal" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">ganhou uma isenção da proibição de despejo em andamento</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> e despejou um casal de uma de suas muitas propriedades. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A razão? </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Usando uma tomada comum para carregar seu carro elétrico. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em 2004, a rainha </span></span><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/queen-tried-to-use-state-poverty-fund-to-heat-buckingham-palace-2088179.html" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">pediu a um fundo de pobreza estatal</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> usado para ajudar famílias de baixa renda a pagar pelo aquecimento do Palácio de Buckingham.</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Apesar de sua vasta riqueza, a realeza não estava preparada para cuidar de sua própria família. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em 1941, Nerissa e Katherine Bowes-Lyon, primas de primeiro grau de Elizabeth, foram enviadas para o “Asilo Real de Earlswood para Deficientes Mentais”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Cada </span></span><a href="https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/a34728377/queen-elizabeth-cousins-katherine-nerissa-bowes-lyon-asylum-true-story-the-crown-season-4" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">um deles tinha uma idade mental de cerca de 3 anos</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> e nunca aprendeu a falar.</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em 1961, eles foram registrados como falecidos, embora Nerissa realmente tenha morrido em 1986 e tenha sido enterrada em um túmulo de indigente. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Katherine morreu em 2014. Não há registro de visitas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Uma enfermeira </span></span><a href="https://www.oprahdaily.com/entertainment/tv-movies/a34576867/queen-elizabeth-hidden-cousins-nerissa-katherine-bowes-lyon/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">relatou</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> : “Eles também nunca receberam nada no Natal, nem uma salsicha”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A realeza enviou ao hospital £ 125 por ano para seus cuidados, mas nunca reconheceu publicamente sua existência.</span></span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><b style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">O legado do colonialismo</b></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A monarquia britânica sempre teve uma relação estreita com o colonialismo e o imperialismo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A tataravó de Elizabeth, Victoria, se autodenominou Imperatriz da Índia e presidiu a expansão do império britânico.</span></span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A princesa Elizabeth soube que seria rainha quando representava os interesses coloniais da Grã-Bretanha no Quênia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mais tarde naquele ano, as tropas britânicas reprimiram brutalmente a </span></span><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12997138" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">rebelião Mau Mau</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> no mesmo país. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Como o New York Times </span></span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/09/world/africa/queen-africa-british-empire.html" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">relatou</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> : “a repressão aos quenianos, que começou apenas alguns meses depois que a rainha ascendeu ao trono, levou ao estabelecimento de um vasto sistema de campos de detenção e à </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/30/books/review/imperial-reckoning-and-histories-of-the-hanged-white-mans.html" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">tortura, estupro, castração e morte</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> de dezenas de milhares de pessoas . </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">.”</span></span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O monarca é o chefe do exército britânico e tem o direito de recrutar, nomear oficiais comissionados e negociar o estacionamento de tropas britânicas em solo estrangeiro. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Sob a vigilância de Elizabeth, as tropas britânicas </span></span><a href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/why-was-the-suez-crisis-so-important" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">invadiram o Egito</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> depois que o presidente Nasser invadiu o canal de Suez, </span><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-foyle-west-47433319" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">matou 14 civis desarmados</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> em Derry e atuou como carregador de malas em inúmeras aventuras imperiais dos EUA.</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A família real continua a se beneficiar da pilhagem dos anos coloniais. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A nova rainha Camilla </span></span><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/queen-elizabeth-iis-death-camilla-will-get-kohinoor-diamond-crown/articleshow/94092586.cm" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">herdará a coroa que contém o diamante Koh-i-Noor</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , avaliado em US$ 400 milhões, mas considerado inestimável. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A economista indiana Utsa Patnaik </span></span><a href="https://www.livemint.com/Companies/HNZA71LNVNNVXQ1eaIKu6M/British-Raj-siphoned-out-45-trillion-from-India-Utsa-Patna.html" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">estima</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> que os bens roubados pelos britânicos entre 1765 e 1938 apenas do subcontinente indiano valeram US$ 45 trilhões.</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A família real continua a ajudar o imperialismo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Quando a BAE Systems </span></span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/feb/19/bae-typhoon-jet-deal-saudi-prince-charles" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">vendeu 72 caças Typhoon </span></a><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/feb/19/bae-typhoon-jet-deal-saudi-prince-charles" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">para</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> a ditadura da Arábia Saudita, o príncipe Charles estava em Riad dançando com príncipes sauditas na noite anterior à assinatura do acordo. </span><a href="https://caat.org.uk/news/2014-02-19-2/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">De acordo com</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> Andrew Smith, da Campanha Contra o Comércio de Armas: “Está claro que o príncipe Charles foi usado pelo governo do Reino Unido e pela BAE Systems como traficante de armas”.</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em 1975, quando a maioria dos australianos </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/23/gough-whitlam-1975-coup-ended-australian-independence" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">teve a temeridade de </span></a><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/23/gough-whitlam-1975-coup-ended-australian-independence" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">votar no </span></a><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/23/gough-whitlam-1975-coup-ended-australian-independence" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">político trabalhista </span></a><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/23/gough-whitlam-1975-coup-ended-australian-independence" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Gougb Whitlam</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> . </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Foi o representante da rainha que demitiu Whitlam e inaugurou um governo conservador. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Tanto para a realeza estar acima da política.</span></span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><b style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Racismo</b></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O marido de Elizabeth, Philip, era famoso por seu racismo, que a mídia estranhamente relatou como “gafes”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em uma visita de Estado à China em 1986, ele </span></span><a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/youll-get-slitty-eyes-if-you-stay-too-long-prince-philip-and-his-famous-gaffes" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">disse a estudantes britânicos</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> que, se ficassem no país, ficariam “de olhos fechados”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em 1998, ele </span></span><a href="https://www.insider.com/prince-philip-long-history-racist-problematic-language-2021-4" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">perguntou a um estudante britânico em Papua Nova Guiné</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> “Você conseguiu não ser comido, então?”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Quatro anos depois, na Austrália, ele </span></span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/02/monarchy.ewenmacaskill" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">perguntou a um aborígine</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> : “Ainda jogando lanças?” </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O cunhado de Philip era </span></span><a href="https://apnews.com/article/29a9dbb097005a6ce46da7fe11f08f77" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">um assessor próximo do chefe da SS Heinrich Himmler</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Philip não era o único racista da família. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A mãe de Elizabeth </span></span><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/news/snob-racist-bigot/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">gostava de chamar os negros de “negros”</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> . </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Quando Stephen Fry disse à irmã da rainha Margaret que ele era judeu, ela “ </span></span><a href="https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/119965" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">expressou seu horror</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> gritando para todos os outros em sua mesa: 'Ele é judeu. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele é judeu.”' Margaret </span></span><a href="https://redflag.org.au/article/right-royal-parasite-dead" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">disse uma vez</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> ao prefeito de Chicago que “os irlandeses são porcos, todos porcos”.</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Muitas vezes nos contam a “história trágica” do tio de Elizabeth, Edward, que teve que abdicar porque queria se casar com uma divorciada. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A verdade é que o establishment estava mais preocupado com o fato de Edward e sua noiva serem </span></span><a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10634351/Edward-VIII-collaborated-Nazis-WWII-documentary-claims.html" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">nazistas declarados</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> que visitavam Hitler regularmente no período que antecedeu a Segunda Guerra Mundial. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em 2015, o Sun divulgou fotos exclusivas de Edward ensinando a jovem princesa Elizabeth e sua irmã a fazer uma saudação nazista sob a manchete “ </span></span><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33578174" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Your Royal Heilnesses</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> ”.</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Até pelo menos a década de 1960, o Palácio de Buckingham </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jun/02/buckingham-palace-banned-ethnic-minorities-from-office-roles-papers-reveal" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">proibia o trabalho de “imigrantes de cor ou estrangeiros”</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> . </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mesmo agora, o monarca está </span></span><a href="https://www.elle.com/uk/life-and-culture/culture/a36608416/queen-law-exemptions/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">isento de várias leis</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , incluindo as relativas à igualdade racial, étnica ou sexual</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O racismo continua até hoje. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Quando Meghan Markle estava esperando o neto da rainha, membros da família real britânica </span></span><a href="https://www.insider.com/royals-concerns-over-archie-skin-tone-meghan-harry-oprah-interview-2021-3" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">expressaram “preocupações e conversas”</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> sobre quão escura seria a pele de seu filho. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Seu marido, Harry, disse que o racismo foi </span></span><a href="https://www.insider.com/harry-and-meghan-oprah-interview-racism-large-part-leaving-uk-2021-3" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">uma “grande parte”</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> do motivo da saída do casal do Reino Unido.</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><b style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Precisamos de uma figura de proa?</b></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Pouco depois da morte de Elizabeth, a jornalista blairita Polly Toynbee escreveu um </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/sep/08/grieve-queen-mourn-losses-nation-britons" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">artigo notório</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> no Guardian no qual afirmava: “Toda nação precisa de uma figura de proa; </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">e, por mais perversa que seja a pura aleatoriedade de ter nascido nesse papel, ela o fez com notável habilidade e dignidade.” </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em outras palavras, saiba o seu lugar, plebe.</span></span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas o povo britânico realmente precisa de uma figura de proa para se unir? </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Os britânicos da classe trabalhadora têm mais em comum com outras pessoas da classe trabalhadora em Berlim e Calcutá do que com um governo conservador que afirma que estamos todos juntos nisso enquanto atacam os padrões de vida e entregam os lucros a seus amigos na cidade. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Não precisamos de uma unidade falsa com as pessoas responsáveis por manter nossos salários baixos e nossos aluguéis altos</span></span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Pedem-nos para demitir a rainha porque ela era uma velha, apenas um símbolo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas o que ela simboliza é exatamente o problema – Império, colonialismo e o fato de que se você nasceu na família certa, você tem garantido um emprego bem remunerado.</span></span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A monarquia não pode sobreviver sem a crença racista no privilégio de nascimento. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Como diz John Mullen: “a existência de um rei ou rainha representa o princípio de que uma família nasce superior a outra – mais merecedora de privilégios, mais pura, mais virtuosa, por causa de sua linhagem. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Essa é a ideia que atormentou a humanidade desde a escravidão antiga até os nazistas.”</span></span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Não é apenas que a realeza consegue seus empregos por nascimento, não por mérito. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">É muito pior do que isso. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Todos eles nascem privilegiados, são educados em particular e não entendem como a maioria de nós vive. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Não é coincidência que tantos deles acabem sendo racistas de extrema direita. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Até o “progressista” que se casou com uma negra </span></span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/13/world/europe/prince-harry-apologizes-for-nazi-costume.html" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">foi a uma festa à fantasia com uniforme nazista</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> “para rir”.</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Os Royals não são representativos do país como um todo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eles são representantes de sua classe. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Quando Paris Hilton </span></span><a href="https://twitter.com/ParisHilton/status/1567942524593127424" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">twittou</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> que a rainha era a “chefe original da garota”, ela estava certa, embora não entendesse as implicações do que estava dizendo.</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As pessoas dizem que a monarquia está acima da política, que o papel é puramente simbólico. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Se isso for verdade, por que o povo britânico deve pagar tanto a eles? </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Por que os parentes de Elizabeth podem ficar com o caro butim da expropriação colonial? </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Quando as vítimas do colonialismo reivindicam com razão as reparações que lhes são devidas, sua primeira parada depois do Museu Britânico deve ser o Palácio de Buckingham.</span></span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><b style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">O que acontece agora?</b></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Então, o que acontece agora que a Grã-Bretanha está sendo governada por um homem que é muito menos popular que sua mãe, </span><a href="https://www.goodto.com/royal-news/prince-charles-routine-shoelaces-ironed-toothpaste-squeezed-643396" rel="noopener" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">emprega alguém para passar os cadarços</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> e </span><a href="https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/a34736481/tampongate-scandal-the-crown/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">uma vez fantasiou ser o absorvente interno de sua amante</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> ?</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Há uma mudança acontecendo na sociedade britânica que não devemos exagerar, mas não é insignificante. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Uma </span></span><a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/863893/support-for-the-monarchy-in-britain-by-age/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">pesquisa statista</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> em 2022 disse que “grupos etários mais jovens são progressivamente mais propensos a se opor à monarquia, com 31% dos jovens de 18 a 24 anos optando por um chefe de Estado eleito”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Isso foi sob o relativamente popular Elizabeth. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Outra pesquisa em 2022 mostrou que </span></span><a href="https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/platinum-jubilee-queen-half-britons-wont-celebrate-royal-family-out-of-touch-poll-1665587" rel="noopener" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">dois terços dos britânicos não queriam que Charles sucedesse sua mãe</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .</span></p><p class="western" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A realeza britânica vem diminuindo seu apoio há várias décadas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">É por isso que minha amiga Jacinta Nandi está tentando popularizar a hashtag #THETIMEISNOW. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Embora eu ache que o tempo foi há 1.000 anos, o aumento dos preços e uma crescente discrepância entre pobres e ricos significa que os britânicos não podem mais pagar a realeza. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">É hora de eles irem.</span></span></p></div><div style="font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><p class="author_description" style="color: #111111; font-family: SSit; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; max-width: 680px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><em style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Phil Butland nasceu na Inglaterra, mas agora vive na Alemanha, onde atua no conselho editorial do </span></span><a href="https://www.theleftberlin.com/about-us/" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">The Left Berlin</span></span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .</span></span></em></p></div>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-88369682192807694002022-09-01T19:51:00.004-07:002022-09-01T19:51:49.584-07:00A eleição mais importante das Américas é no Brasil<p> <span style="font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; font-size: 1.2em; text-transform: uppercase;">1º DE SETEMBRO DE 2022</span></p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px;"></span><h1 class="headline" style="font-family: minion-pro-condensed, serif; font-size: 1.912em; line-height: calc(18px + 1.15vw); margin: 0px; max-width: 800px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><br /></h1><span class="post_author_intro" style="font-family: "Source Sans Pro", sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; word-break: break-word;">POR</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px;"> </span><span class="post_author" style="display: inline-block; font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://www.counterpunch.org/author/vijay-prashad/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #1e1e1e; 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font-size: 17.6px; margin: 0px; max-width: 680px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><div class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_254035" style="height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: 690px; word-break: break-word;"><img alt="" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-254035" class="wp-image-254035 size-medium" height="619" sizes="(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px" src="https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Lula_Khamenei_Teera_2010-680x619.jpg" srcset="https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Lula_Khamenei_Teera_2010-680x619.jpg 680w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Lula_Khamenei_Teera_2010-692x630.jpg 692w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Lula_Khamenei_Teera_2010-768x699.jpg 768w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Lula_Khamenei_Teera_2010-500x455.jpg 500w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Lula_Khamenei_Teera_2010-600x546.jpg 600w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Lula_Khamenei_Teera_2010.jpg 1419w" style="border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;" width="680" /><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-254035" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.3em 0px 20px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Fonte da fotografia: Ricardo Stuckert/PR – Agência Brasil – </span><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/br/deed.en" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">CC BY 3.0 BR</span></a></p></div><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O ex-presidente brasileiro Luíz Inácio Lula da Silva (conhecido como Lula) corre no palco do Memorial da América Latina em São Paulo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele esteve lá no dia 22 de agosto de 2022, falando no lançamento de um livro com fotos de Ricardo Stuckert sobre as viagens de Lula pelo mundo quando foi presidente do Brasil de 2003 a 2010. Lula é um homem de muita energia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele conta a história de quando esteve no Irã com seu chanceler Celso Amorim em 2010, tentando mediar e acabar com o conflito imposto pelos Estados Unidos sobre a política de energia nuclear iraniana. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Lula </span></span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/-11-lulas-tehran-misadventure-/qxf4tk/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">conseguiu</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> para garantir um acordo nuclear em 2010 que teria evitado a campanha de pressão contínua que Washington está conduzindo contra Teerã. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Havia alívio no ar. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Aí, Lula disse: “Obama mijou fora da panela”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Segundo Lula, o então presidente dos EUA, Barack Obama, </span></span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/e-lula-is-back-but-which-lula-/qxf4tn/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">não aceitou</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> o acordo e esmagou o trabalho árduo da liderança brasileira para trazer todos os lados a um acordo.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A história de Lula coloca dois pontos importantes na mesa: ele foi capaz de desenvolver o papel do Brasil na América Latina ao oferecer liderança no distante Irã durante seu mandato anterior como presidente, e ele não tem medo de expressar sua antipatia pela forma como os Estados Unidos Os Estados estão desperdiçando a possibilidade de paz e progresso em todo o mundo para seus próprios interesses mesquinhos.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O lançamento do livro ocorreu durante a campanha de Lula à presidência contra o atual titular – e </span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/l-jair-bolsonaro-election-coup/qxf4tr/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">profundamente impopular</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> – presidente Jair Bolsonaro. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Lula está agora na </span></span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/anged-oct-election-2022-08-30-/qxf4tv/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">liderança</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> nas pesquisas antes do primeiro turno das eleições presidenciais do Brasil, que será realizada em 2 de outubro.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Fernando Haddad, que concorreu contra Bolsonaro em 2018 e perdeu depois de receber </span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/naro-elected-president-brazil-/qxf4ty/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">menos de 45%</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> dos votos, me disse que esta eleição continua “arriscada”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As pesquisas podem mostrar que Lula está na liderança, mas Bolsonaro é conhecido por fazer política suja para garantir sua vitória. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A extrema direita no Brasil, como a extrema direita em muitos outros países, é feroz na forma como disputa o poder do Estado. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Bolsonaro, disse Haddad, está disposto a mentir abertamente, dizendo coisas ofensivas à mídia de extrema direita e, quando questionado sobre isso pela grande mídia, ele tende a fingir ignorância. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">“Fake news” parece ser a </span></span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/-fake-news-to-win-power-109343/qxf4v2/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">melhor defesa de Bolsonaro</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> cada vez que ele é atacado. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A esquerda é muito mais sincera em seu discurso político; </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">os esquerdistas não estão dispostos a mentir e estão ansiosos para trazer as questões da fome e do desemprego, do desespero social e do avanço social para o centro do debate político. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas há menos interesse por essas questões e menos barulho sobre elas em um cenário de mídia que prospera na teatralidade de Bolsonaro e seus seguidores. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A velha direita tradicional está tão flanqueada quanto a extrema direita no Brasil, que é um espaço que agora é comandado por Bolsonaro (a velha direita tradicional, os homens de terno escuro que tomavam decisões sobre charutos e </span></span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">cachaças</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , não conseguem suplantar Bolsonaro).</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Tanto Bolsonaro quanto Lula enfrentam um eleitorado que os ama ou os odeia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Há pouco espaço para ambiguidade nesta corrida. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Bolsonaro representa não apenas a extrema direita, cujas opiniões ele defende abertamente, mas também representa grandes setores da </span></span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ro-workers-party-fiscal-policy/qxf4v5/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">classe média</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , cujas aspirações por riqueza permanecem praticamente intactas, apesar da realidade de que sua situação econômica se </span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/cle-10-1007-s43253-021-00051-6/qxf4v8/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">deteriorou</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> na última década. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O contraste entre o comportamento de Bolsonaro e Lula durante suas respectivas campanhas presidenciais foi gritante: Bolsonaro foi grosseiro e vulgar, enquanto Lula é refinado e presidencial. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Se a eleição for para Lula, é provável que ele consiga mais votos de quem odeia Bolsonaro do que de quem o ama.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A ex-presidente brasileira Dilma Rousseff reflete sobre o caminho a seguir. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ela me disse que Lula provavelmente vencerá na eleição porque o país está farto de Bolsonaro. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Sua </span></span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/smanagement-20220524-0021-html/qxf4vc/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">gestão horrível</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> da pandemia de COVID-19 e a </span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ter-q3-contraction-2021-12-02-/qxf4vg/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">deterioração</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> da situação econômica no país marcam Bolsonaro como um gestor ineficiente do estado brasileiro. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">No entanto, Dilma destacou que cerca de um mês antes da eleição, o governo Bolsonaro – e os governos regionais – vêm lançando políticas que começam a aliviar o fardo da classe média, como o </span></span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ing-the-middle-class-xj4y7vzkg/qxf4vk/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">levantamento</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> da tributação da gasolina. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Essas políticas podem influenciar algumas pessoas a votar em Bolsonaro, mas nem isso é provável. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A situação política no Brasil continua frágil para a esquerda, com os principais blocos de direita (agronegócio, religião e militares) dispostos a usar qualquer meio para manter o poder; </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">foi essa coalizão de direita que conduziu um “ </span></span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/e-reactionary-right-wing-coup-/qxf4vn/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">golpe legislativo</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> ” contra Dilma Rousseff em 2016 e usou “ </span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/-return-of-lula-by-yanis-iqbal/qxf4vr/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">lawfare</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> ”, o uso da lei por motivos políticos, contra Lula em 2018 para impedi-lo de concorrer contra Bolsonaro. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Essas frases (golpe legislativo e lawfare) agora fazem parte do vocabulário da esquerda brasileira, que entende claramente que o bloco de direita (chamado </span></span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">de centrão</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> ) não deixará de perseguir seus interesses se se sentir ameaçado.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">João Paulo Rodrigues, líder do </span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ssier-54-gramsci-mst-rossetto-/qxf4vv/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> (MST) é um conselheiro próximo da campanha de Lula. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele me disse que na eleição presidencial de 2002, Lula </span></span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/w-lulas-struggle-really-begins/qxf4vy/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">venceu</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> o titular Fernando Henrique Cardoso por causa de um ódio imenso pelas políticas neoliberais que Cardoso havia defendido. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A esquerda estava fragmentada e desmoralizada naquele momento da eleição. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O tempo de Lula no cargo, no entanto, ajudou a esquerda a se mobilizar e se organizar, embora mesmo nesse período o foco da atenção popular estivesse mais no próprio Lula do que nos blocos que compunham a esquerda. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Durante o </span></span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/liar-role-martyr-idUSKCN0WD2JF/qxf4w2/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">encarceramento</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> de Lula por acusações de corrupção, que a esquerda diz serem fraudulentas, ele se tornou uma figura que unificou a esquerda: </span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/-and-the-battle-for-democracy-/qxf4w5/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><em style="color: #111111; font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Lula Livre</span></em></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">, “Lula livre”, foi o slogan unificador, e a letra L (de Lula) tornou-se um símbolo (símbolo que continua a ser usado na campanha eleitoral). </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Embora existam outros candidatos da esquerda brasileira na corrida presidencial, não há dúvida para Rodrigues de que Lula é o porta-estandarte da esquerda e é a única esperança para o Brasil derrubar a liderança altamente divisiva e perigosa do presidente Bolsonaro. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Um dos mecanismos para construir a unidade das forças populares em torno da campanha de Lula tem sido a criação dos </span></span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/opular-committees-of-struggle-/qxf4w8/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Comitês </span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Populares</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">que vêm trabalhando tanto para unificar a esquerda quanto para criar uma agenda para o governo Lula (que incluirá a reforma agrária e uma política mais robusta para as comunidades indígenas e afro-brasileiras).</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As condições internacionais para uma terceira presidência de Lula são fortuitas, disse-me Dilma. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Uma ampla gama de governos de centro-esquerda chegou ao poder na América Latina (inclusive no </span></span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/esidential-elections-in-chile-/qxf4wc/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Chile</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> e na </span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/as-first-left-wing-government-/qxf4wg/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Colômbia</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> ). </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Embora não sejam governos socialistas, eles estão comprometidos com a construção da soberania de seus países e com a criação de uma vida digna para seus cidadãos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O Brasil, o terceiro maior país das Américas (depois do Canadá e dos Estados Unidos da América), pode desempenhar um papel de liderança na condução dessa nova onda de governos de esquerda no hemisfério, disse Dilma. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Haddad me disse que o Brasil deveria liderar um novo projeto regional, que incluirá a criação de uma moeda regional ( </span></span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/erar-integracao-regional-shtml/qxf4wk/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><em style="color: #111111; font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">sur</span></em></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">) que podem ser utilizados não só para o comércio transfronteiriço, mas também para a detenção de reservas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Haddad está concorrendo ao cargo de </span></span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/03-17-haddad-undecided-voters-/qxf4wn/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">governador</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> de São Paulo, cuja principal cidade é a capital financeira do país. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Tal moeda regional, acreditava Haddad, resolverá conflitos no hemisfério e construirá novos vínculos comerciais que não precisam depender de longas cadeias de suprimentos que foram desestabilizadas pela pandemia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">“Se Deus quiser, vamos criar uma moeda comum na América Latina porque não temos que depender do dólar”, </span></span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/eia-da-independencia-do-dolar-/qxf4wr/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">disse</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> Lula em maio de 2022.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Dilma está ansiosa para que o Brasil volte ao cenário mundial por meio do bloco BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul) e ofereça o tipo de liderança de esquerda que Lula e ela deram àquela plataforma há uma década. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O mundo, disse Dilma Rousseff, precisa de tal plataforma para oferecer uma liderança que não dependa de ameaças, sanções e guerra. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A anedota de Lula sobre o acordo com o Irã é reveladora, pois mostra que um país como o Brasil, sob a liderança da esquerda, está mais disposto a resolver conflitos do que a exacerbá-los, como fizeram os Estados Unidos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Há esperança, observou Dilma Rousseff, de que a presidência de Lula ofereça uma liderança robusta para um mundo que parece estar desmoronando devido à miríade de desafios, como catástrofe climática, guerra e toxicidade social.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Este artigo foi produzido por </span></span><a href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2022-08-31/qxf4wv/1135010134?h=QlzzZn6ioTiD3o6JCELmTAfoKo9428NqDkdzWXKX8lY" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Globetrotter</span></span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .</span></span></em></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"></p></div><div style="font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><p class="author_description" style="color: #111111; font-family: SSit; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; max-width: 680px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><em style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">O livro mais recente de Vijay Prashad (com Noam Chomsky) é A Retirada: Iraque, Líbia, Afeganistão e a Fragilidade do Poder dos EUA (New Press, agosto de 2022).</em></p></div>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-9488962580580981152022-08-27T18:41:00.003-07:002022-08-27T18:41:25.408-07:00Acabar com a punição coletiva dos afegãos<p> <span style="font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; 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display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;" width="680" /><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-253486" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.3em 0px 20px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Foto de </span><a href="https://unsplash.com/@sohaibghyasi?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Sohaib Ghyasi</span></a></p></div><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Um ano se passou desde a tumultuada retirada dos EUA de décadas de guerra e ocupação no Afeganistão.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Com o Talibã no comando funcional, o país enfrenta uma crise humanitária em deterioração e um colapso econômico. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas em vez de tomar medidas para promover a estabilidade e revigorar a economia, os EUA pioraram e penalizaram afegãos inocentes e comuns.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">De acordo com as Nações Unidas, a situação atual no Afeganistão é “ </span><a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1115102" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">sem paralelo</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> ”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mais de 24 milhões de pessoas precisam de assistência humanitária para sobreviver e aproximadamente </span></span><a href="https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/statement-dr-ramiz-alakbarov-deputy-special-representative-secretary-general" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><em style="color: #111111; font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">95%</span></em></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> da população do país tem comida insuficiente. </span><a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/17/time-running-out-address-afghanistans-hunger-crisis" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A desnutrição</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> está aumentando, com muitos afegãos recorrendo à </span><a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/28/desperate-afghans-resort-to-selling-kidneys-to-feed-families" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">venda de partes de corpos</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> para alimentar suas famílias.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A situação já era terrível no Afeganistão antes do Talibã tomar o poder. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A maioria dos afegãos vivia com </span></span><a href="https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/ghanis-afghan-poverty-estimate-catastrophic-analysts" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">menos de US$ 2</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> por dia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O país sofreu violência prolongada, </span></span><a href="https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/afghanistan-emergency.html" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">deslocamento em massa</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , </span><a href="https://www.nrc.no/news/2021/june/severe-drought-threatens-three-million-afghans/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">seca</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> e várias ondas de </span><a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/07/02/1010386264/a-crippling-third-wave-of-covid-adds-to-afghanistans-woes" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">COVID-19</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas quando o Talibã voltou ao poder, os doadores internacionais responderam </span><a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/taliban-takeover-how-frozen-assets-foreign-aid-impacts-afghanistan/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">suspendendo</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> imediatamente bilhões de dólares em ajuda. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O resultado? </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Colapso econômico e governamental quase total. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">“Nenhum país do mundo poderia resistir a um corte acentuado dessa ajuda”, </span></span><a href="https://www.vox.com/23161802/afghanistan-humanitarian-economic-crisis-taliban-united-states" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">disse William Byrd</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , do Instituto da Paz dos EUA.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Além disso, os governos dos EUA e da Europa </span><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/currencies/afghanistan-us-freezes-assets-reserves-afghani-economy-taliban-central-bank-2021-8" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">bloquearam</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> o Banco Central do Afeganistão, conhecido como DAB, de acessar quase US$ 9 bilhões das próprias reservas em moeda estrangeira do país, dos quais US$ 7 bilhões estão no Federal Reserve de Nova York.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Isso deixou o país incapaz de lidar com seus graves problemas econômicos ou se envolver no comércio internacional. </span><a href="https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/ba0c782d2cb3a62f1f41356e978eb2cf-0310062022/original/Afghanistan-Economic-Monitor-19-July-2022.pdf" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A inflação</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> disparou, fazendo com que a </span><a href="https://www.npr.org/2021/12/17/1065078192/afghan-currency-slides-and-prices-surge-as-already-battered-economy-worsens" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">moeda</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> afegã registrasse valores baixos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">E com a escassez de moeda nos bancos comerciais, os afegãos não conseguem nem mesmo acessar suas próprias </span></span><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-cash-some-afghans-desperately-need-is-trapped-in-their-bank-accounts-11646578800" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">contas</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> bancárias .</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Essas ações foram tomadas sob os auspícios de manter esses fundos fora das mãos do Talibã. </span><a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f32f67de5c10461a46e0ce0/t/62f3e3153ff7460c4ec1e97e/1660150549225/2022-08-10%2C+Economists%27+Letter+Afghanistan+.pdf" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas, na prática, como apontaram</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> mais de 70 economistas </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">, eles estão punindo coletivamente todos os afegãos – incluindo </span></span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">as vítimas </em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> do Talibã.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em fevereiro, o presidente Biden </span><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/02/11/biden-afghanistan-sept-11-victims/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">dobrou</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> a apreensão das reservas do DAB, reservando US$ 3,5 bilhões para liquidar reivindicações legais de algumas das famílias das vítimas do 11 de setembro. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Sua </span></span><a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/02/11/fact-sheet-executive-order-to-preserve-certain-afghanistan-central-bank-assets-for-the-people-of-afghanistan/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">ordem executiva</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> comprometeu os US$ 3,5 bilhões restantes para o suposto “benefício do povo afegão”, mas seu governo até agora </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/15/us/politics/us-afghanistan-funds-taliban.html" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">reteve esse valor</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> também.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Essas reservas não pertencem aos Estados Unidos para determinar como são usadas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eles pertencem </span></span><a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/94th-congress/house-bill/11315/text" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">legalmente</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> ao Afeganistão e são de propriedade do Estado, não de seu governo ou do atual regime em Cabul.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Além disso, o povo do Afeganistão não é moral ou legalmente responsável pelos deploráveis ataques de 11 de setembro. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Muitas famílias das vítimas do 11 de setembro concordam. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Quase 80 famílias escreveram para Biden, </span></span><a href="https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2022/08/16/morally-wrong-9-11-families-urge-biden-to-send-3-5b-to-afghans-00052138" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">chamando a apreensão de</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> “moralmente errada” e dizendo que a última coisa que querem é “tirar dinheiro dos afegãos famintos”.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ao visar o povo afegão dessa maneira, os EUA ignoraram sua obrigação moral de melhorar as crises humanitárias e econômicas causadas por sua intervenção militar e </span><a href="https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/lessonslearned/SIGAR-21-46-LL.pdf" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">políticas fracassadas</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> . </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O governo do Talibã é, sem dúvida, brutal, mas isso não é motivo para os EUA e outros países piorarem as coisas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O sofrimento contínuo do povo afegão não beneficia ninguém.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Após décadas de guerra, violência e instabilidade, o Afeganistão precisa de ação imediata e soluções de longo prazo para que seu povo possa viver, sonhar e reconstruir. </span><a href="https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2022-03-31/secretary-generals-remarks-the-high-level-pledging-event-afghanistan-delivered" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O primeiro passo, como observou</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> o secretário-geral da ONU, Antonio Guterres </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">, “deve ser deter a espiral de morte da economia afegã”.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O presidente Biden deve reverter imediatamente sua ordem executiva. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Com milhões de afegãos empobrecidos e famintos, os EUA devem devolver ao povo afegão o que é seu por direito.</span></span></p></div><div style="font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><p class="author_description" style="color: #111111; font-family: SSit; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; max-width: 680px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><i style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Farrah Hassen, JD, é escritora, analista de políticas e professora adjunta do Departamento de Ciência Política da Cal Poly Pomona.</i></p></div>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-19717845717133542092022-08-16T18:50:00.000-07:002022-08-16T18:50:05.978-07:00Uma força militar rica em dólares, pobre em pessoas<p> <span style="font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; font-size: 1.2em; text-transform: uppercase;">15 DE AGOSTO DE 2022</span></p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px;"></span><h1 class="headline" style="font-family: minion-pro-condensed, serif; font-size: 1.912em; line-height: calc(18px + 1.15vw); margin: 0px; max-width: 800px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><br /></h1><span class="post_author_intro" style="font-family: "Source Sans Pro", sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; word-break: break-word;">POR</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px;"> </span><span class="post_author" style="display: inline-block; font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://www.counterpunch.org/author/andrea-mazzarino/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #1e1e1e; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", sans-serif; font-size: 0.938em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-transform: uppercase; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; 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font-size: 17.6px; margin: 0px; max-width: 680px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><div class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_252353" style="height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: 690px; word-break: break-word;"><img alt="" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-252353" class="wp-image-252353 size-medium" height="450" sizes="(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px" src="https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2022-08-14-at-3.34.02-PM-680x450.png" srcset="https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2022-08-14-at-3.34.02-PM-680x450.png 680w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2022-08-14-at-3.34.02-PM-952x630.png 952w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2022-08-14-at-3.34.02-PM-768x508.png 768w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2022-08-14-at-3.34.02-PM-1536x1017.png 1536w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2022-08-14-at-3.34.02-PM-2048x1356.png 2048w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2022-08-14-at-3.34.02-PM-500x331.png 500w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2022-08-14-at-3.34.02-PM-600x397.png 600w" style="border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;" width="680" /><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-252353" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.3em 0px 20px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O major-general do Exército Chris Donahue, comandante geral da 82ª Divisão Aerotransportada, embarca em uma aeronave C-17 no Aeroporto Internacional Hamid Karzai em Cabul, Afeganistão, 30 de agosto de 2021. Foto: Exército dos EUA, sargento-mor. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Sargento Mestre. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Alexandre Burnett.</span></span></p></div><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Os militares americanos agora estão tendo problemas para recrutar soldados suficientes. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">De acordo com o </span></span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">New York Times</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , suas fileiras são poucos </span><a data-wpel-link="internal" href="file:///Users/tomengelhardt/Library/Containers/com.apple.mail/Data/Library/Mail%20Downloads/CEFCC303-6B30-49AA-B142-12DD541FF0BE/thousands" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">milhares</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> de soldados de nível básico e está a caminho de enfrentar a pior crise de recrutamento desde o fim da Guerra do Vietnã, pouco depois de o alistamento ser </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2012/01/us-military-draft-ends-jan-27-1973-072085" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">eliminado</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Lembre-se, não é que os militares não tenham recursos para campanhas de recrutamento. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Quase todas as figuras políticas em Washington, incluindo a presidente da Câmara, Nancy Pelosi, e o líder da minoria no Senado, Mitch McConnell, invariavelmente </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/06/21/pentagon-budget-congress-bipartisanship/" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">concordam</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> em aumentar infinitamente o </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/costs/economic/budget" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">orçamento</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> já impressionante do Pentágono . </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Na verdade, é quase a única coisa com a qual eles parecem capazes de concordar. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Afinal, o Congresso já levou quase um ano para aprovar um </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.democrats.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/inflation_reduction_act_one_page_summary.pdf" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">pacote de gastos sociais com</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> cerca de metade do tamanho do </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://executivegov.com/articles/u-s-defense-budget-2022-how-much-does-the-united-states-spend-on-its-defense-budget#:~:text=The%20budget%20for%20a%20request,in%20the%20fiscal%20year%202023." rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">orçamento de defesa</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> deste ano , embora esse projeto mitigasse os custos de assistência médica para tantos americanos e invista em energia limpa por anos para venha. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">(Esqueça mais dinheiro para </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.naeyc.org/about-us/news/press-releases/inflation-reduction-act" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">a educação infantil</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .)</span></p><p id="more" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O Pentágono também não tem vergonha de gastar com sua carteira inchada para atrair novos recrutas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">É até mesmo uma chamada fria para possíveis candidatos e oferece </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2022-01-12/army-ups-bonuses-for-recruits-to-50k-as-covid-takes-toll" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">bônus de alistamento</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> de até US$ 50.000.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Acontece, porém, que seus recrutadores se deparam com alguns </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-07-12/joining-the-military-doesn-t-appeal-to-enough-young-americans" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">problemas comuns</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> que impedem os jovens de se alistar ou mesmo de querer fazê-lo, incluindo a saúde física ou mental precária de muitos deles, sua </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/07/27/lawmakers-pentagon-military-recruiting-00048286" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">desconfiança</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> do governo (e suas guerras) e os recentes </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/09/16/high-school-closures-during-pandemic-could-harm-military-recruiting-goals-general-says.html" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">fechamentos de escolas</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> relacionados à pandemia que tornaram muito mais difícil para os recrutadores construir relacionamentos com crianças do ensino médio. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Muitas dessas questões de recrutamento também são totalmente americanas, relacionadas à deterioração da qualidade de vida neste país. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">De um padrão básico de vida a valores compartilhados ou até mesmo lugares onde podemos passar muito tempo juntos, parece que temos cada vez menos nos conectando uns aos outros. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em uma nação onde </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/04/opinion/friendships-economic-mobility-class.html" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">as amizades</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">entre as classes socioeconômicas são vitais para o acesso dos jovens a novas oportunidades, isso deve nos incomodar.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><strong style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Jogando sozinho</strong></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Quando cheguei para pegar meus filhos no acampamento recentemente, um colega de escola primária jogando basquete com eles estava gritando “Isto é para a Ucrânia!” </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">quando ele arremessou a bola em direção ao aro. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele imediatamente ricocheteou na tabela, pousando na cabeça de uma criança no momento em que ela estava distraída por um pássaro que passava. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Outra mãe e eu trocamos estremecimentos brincalhões. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Então esperamos mais alguns minutos enquanto nossos filhos andavam de um lado para o outro entre os aros, sem realmente se comunicar, antes de levar nossos filhos para casa.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Quando consegui que meus filhos pequenos se matriculassem em um acampamento para que minha esposa, um oficial militar da ativa, e eu pudéssemos continuar nossa vida profissional neste verão, o basquete era tudo o que restava. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O sol muitas vezes esquentava as quadras para que menos tempo fosse gasto fora jogando e mais tempo conversando, enquanto tentava se recuperar do calor. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Embora nossos filhos fossem novos nas atividades em grupo, tendo se engajado amplamente no ensino a distância durante o auge da pandemia de coronavírus, eles encontraram algumas coisas para conversar com as outras crianças que refletiam nosso mundo difícil. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">“Mamãe”, disse meu filho de sete anos quando chegamos em casa um dia, “uma criança disse que a Rússia poderia nos bombardear com bombas nucleares. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eles poderiam?” </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em outra ocasião, ele perguntou: “A Ucrânia está perdendo?”</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eles sabem sobre esses assuntos porque às vezes ouvem discussões noturnas que minha esposa e eu temos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Normalmente, podemos considerar a linha vermelha elusiva do presidente russo, Vladimir Putin, </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">e quão perto os EUA ousarão se aproximar disso ao armar as forças ucranianas </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/will-putin-use-nuclear-weapons-in-ukraine-our-experts-answer-three-burning-questions/" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">. </span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Como terapeuta que trabalha com famílias de militares na ativa, tenho plena consciência de que crianças como as nossas geralmente se preocupam com a violência. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Da mesma forma, é minha experiência que as crianças militares tendem a se perguntar se algum tipo de repetição do ataque de 6 de janeiro ao nosso Capitólio pela </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/january-6-capitol-riot/" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">multidão armada</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> de Trump poderia, no futuro, envolver nossos militares em conflitos internos nos quais nossas tropas podem matar ou ser mortos por seus concidadãos.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Tal violência em casa e no exterior tornou-se rotina para a vida cotidiana neste país e foi absorvida por mentes jovens perturbadas de uma forma que os deixou atraídos por videogames envolvendo violência. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Esses podem, dadas as circunstâncias, parecer um conforto estranhamente familiar. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">É uma maneira de eles virarem a mesa e se colocarem no controle. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Recentemente, um filho de um vizinho perspicaz me disse que jogar o jogo militar </span></span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Call of Duty</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> era uma maneira de tornar a guerra divertida, em vez de se preocupar com o início da Terceira Guerra Mundial.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Minha família tem sorte porque podemos nos dar ao luxo de ficar em casa em nosso quintal espaçoso o tempo suficiente para deixar nossos filhos brincarem ao ar livre uns com os outros, deliciando-se com a natureza. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eu também os vejo jogar “guerra” com bastões que eles reimaginam como armas, mas é aí que seu militarismo termina.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eu sei que se espera que os cônjuges de militares encorajem seus filhos a se juntarem às forças armadas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Na verdade – não se assuste – cerca </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.tpr.org/military-veterans-issues/2022-06-14/most-military-recruits-come-from-families-of-people-who-served-experts-say-thats-not-sustainable" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">de 30%</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> dos jovens adultos que se inscrevem hoje em dia têm um dos pais em um dos cultos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas acho que sou meio esquisito. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Sim, casei-me com o exército por amor ao homem, mas tive uma carreira diferente da dele. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eu até co-fundei o </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Projeto Custos da Guerra</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> na Brown University, que desempenhou um papel vital na crítica das guerras deste país neste século. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Também me tornei terapeuta com uma visão profissional e pessoal dos déficits de saúde, violência interna e exposição a duras condições de trabalho que a vida militar muitas vezes traz consigo.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Para dar um exemplo, minha esposa e eu estamos esperando há meses para obter atendimento para uma condição com risco de vida que aqueles com cobertura de seguro comparável na população civil geralmente teriam acesso em semanas ou menos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Uma série de condições de saúde relacionadas não são menos tratadas em nossas forças armadas muito bem financiadas nos dias de hoje.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Enquanto planejamos diminuir o período de nossa família nas forças armadas, é difícil ignorar quão pouco do nosso gordo orçamento militar, com seu armamento cada vez mais sofisticado, vai ajudar os americanos nesses mesmos serviços. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Uma frase do novo filme </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/top-gun-maverick-military-propaganda-b2086968.html" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><em style="color: #111111; font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Top Gun: Maverick</span></em></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> vem à mente, quando o comandante do personagem-título o avisa: “O futuro está chegando. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">E você não está nele.”</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><strong style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">O casamento militar do capitalismo</strong></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Graças em parte às crescentes desigualdades de riqueza neste país e ao que muitas vezes parece ser um impasse perpétuo no Congresso em relação aos gastos sociais, a próxima geração de aspirantes a combatentes acaba por estar em uma forma surpreendentemente difícil. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Não é nenhum segredo que os militares dos EUA visam comunidades </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/156131/military-views-poor-kids-fodder-forever-wars" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">de baixa renda</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> em suas campanhas de recrutamento. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Tem um longo histórico, por exemplo, de se concentrar em escolas de </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/156131/military-views-poor-kids-fodder-forever-wars" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">ensino médio</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> que têm proporções mais altas de alunos pobres. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Recrutadores também estão aparecendo em shoppings, lanchonetes e até grandes lojas – ou seja, os lugares onde muitos americanos pobres e da classe trabalhadora trabalham, comem ou fazem compras.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Assim, também, os militares e o resto do estado de segurança nacional pegaram carona no amor americano pelas telas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A aliança entre Hollywood e recrutadores militares </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20170623-video-reporters-hollywood-wwi-birth-film-industry-usa-cinema" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">remonta</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> à Primeira Guerra Mundial. Após os atentados de 11 de setembro de 2001, porém, o governo intensificou seus esforços para vender ao público as últimas guerras deste país, apresentando-as como um bilhete para maiores oportunidades para aqueles que se alistaram e, claro, uma luta patriótica contra o terrorismo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A fumaça mal havia se dissipado do local das Torres Gêmeas quando funcionários do Pentágono começaram a se </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.cbc.ca/radio/from-patriotism-to-recruitment-how-hollywood-helped-the-u-s-military-sell-the-war-on-terror-1.5580543" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">reunir</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> com diretores de Hollywood para imaginar futuros cenários de guerra nos quais os EUA poderiam estar envolvidos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Estiveram presentes nessas reuniões os diretores de filmes como </span></span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Delta Force One</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> ,</span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Desaparecidos em Ação</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> e </span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Clube da Luta</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Parece que esses esforços surtiram efeito. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Um estudo de ciências sociais de 2014 descobriu, por exemplo, que quando não se tratava diretamente dos militares, mas da comunidade de inteligência dos EUA, </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ps-political-science-and-politics/article/abs/argo-and-zero-dark-thirty-film-government-and-audiences/889B13ED0B53B2DF7C09372D4ACCECE5" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">25%</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> dos espectadores do filme de combate </span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Argo</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> ou </span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Zero Dark Thirty</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> mudaram de opinião sobre suas ações no guerra ao Terror. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Quem diria que, com a ajuda de estrelas como Jessica Chastain, o </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2013/jan/25/zero-dark-thirty-reel-history" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">afogamento aquático</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> e a </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://time.com/3627694/torture-report-zero-dark-thirty/" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">privação do sono</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> poderiam ser tão sexy?</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Algumas crianças eram mais propensas do que outras a captar essas mensagens. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em média, as crianças de baixa renda têm mais </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://givingcompass.org/article/children-from-low-income-families-spend-more-time-with-screens#:~:text=Kevin%20Mahnken%20reports%20that%20researchers,to%20children%20from%20affluent%20backgrounds" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">tempo de tela</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> diariamente do que as de renda mais alta. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">E muitos adolescentes </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2021/11/421701/adolescents-recreational-screen-time-doubled-during-pandemic-affecting-mental#:~:text=UC%20San%20Francisco%2Dled%20researchers,a%20day%20before%20the%20pandemic." rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">aumentaram</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> seu tempo de tela em horas durante a pandemia, principalmente em famílias pobres, que ficaram apenas </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://time.com/6143809/theres-a-new-way-to-watch-the-widening-income-gap-in-almost-real-time/" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">mais pobres</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> em comparação com as ricas naqueles anos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Como resultado, em um país onde serviços básicos como escola e saúde têm sido mais difíceis de acessar devido ao Covid-19, os poucos espaços de interação social disponíveis para muitos americanos vulneráveis permaneceram saturados de violência.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><strong style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Uma rede de segurança social desgastada e os militares</strong></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em tais comunidades, os militares podem não ser mais capazes de prometer oportunidades para tantos jovens. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Afinal, nosso governo tem feito um trabalho cada vez mais pobre ao fornecer uma rede básica de segurança alimentar, uma educação decente e cuidados de saúde razoáveis para nossos cidadãos mais pobres e, portanto, parece ter levado muitos deles à idade adulta profundamente doentes e sem condições de ingressar no exército.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Anualmente, a proporção de jovens mental e fisicamente saudáveis vem </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/07/27/lawmakers-pentagon-military-recruiting-00048286" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">diminuindo</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> . </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Como resultado, cerca de </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/military/every-branch-us-military-struggling-meet-2022-recruiting-goals-officia-rcna35078" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">três quartos</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> daqueles entre 17 e 24 anos são automaticamente desqualificados para servir nas forças armadas por obesidade, antecedentes criminais, uso de drogas ou outros motivos semelhantes.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Para dar um exemplo, a obesidade entre as crianças </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n2332#:~:text=The%20proportion%20of%20US%20children%20who%20are%20obese%20was%20rising,from%2019%25%20a%20year%20earlier." rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">disparou</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> nos últimos anos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Durante a pandemia, de fato, começou a aumentar impressionantemente cinco vezes mais rápido do que nos anos anteriores. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Embora a obesidade nem sempre desqualifique os jovens para servir nas forças armadas, </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/IF11708.pdf" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">geralmente</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> o faz, assim como doenças relacionadas à obesidade, como diabetes e pressão alta. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Embora suas causas subjacentes sejam complicadas, duas coisas são claras: é muito </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">mais prevalente</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> entre os segmentos de baixa e média renda da população e per capita está fortemente </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8618490/" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">ligada</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> à desigualdade de riqueza.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Legislação como o projeto de lei </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/203?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22s.+203%22%5D%7D&r=1&s=5" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Acesso a Alimentos Saudáveis para Todos os Americanos</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , que tem o potencial de ampliar o acesso a alimentos menos gordurosos por meio de créditos fiscais e subsídios para mercearias e bancos de alimentos, foi apresentada no Senado há mais de um ano. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Você, sem dúvida, não ficará surpreso ao saber que ainda não passou.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As baixas de não cuidar dos nossos dessa maneira são altas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">De acordo com os Institutos Nacionais de Saúde, estima-se que </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44210/#:~:text=An%20estimated%20300%2C000%20deaths%20a%20year%20may%20be%20attributable%20to%20obesity.&text=Morbidity%20from%20obesity%20may%20be,%2C%20smoking%2C%20or%20problem%20drinking.&text=table%20118%20Both%20modest,significantly%20increased%20risk%20of%20disease." rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">300.000 mortes</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> a cada ano são devido à epidemia de obesidade deste país. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Infelizmente, por mais mortal que esse fenômeno possa ser, ele não cria o tipo de enredo emocionante que os filmes populares precisam.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Da mesma forma, os esforços de recrutamento dos militares sofrem por causa dos baixos níveis </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2022/p0331-youth-mental-health-covid-19.html" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">de saúde mental</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> entre os jovens. </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://thehill.com/opinion/healthcare/591777-us-youth-are-in-a-mental-health-crisis-we-must-invest-in-their-care/" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Uma em cada cinco mulheres jovens e um em cada 10 homens</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> jovens experimentam um episódio de </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">depressão </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://thehill.com/opinion/healthcare/591777-us-youth-are-in-a-mental-health-crisis-we-must-invest-in-their-care/" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">maior</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> antes de completar 25 anos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">– também é a </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://thehill.com/opinion/healthcare/591777-us-youth-are-in-a-mental-health-crisis-we-must-invest-in-their-care/" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">segunda principal causa de morte</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> entre jovens de 10 a 24 anos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Pior ainda, </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Health/economic-status-warning-sign-youth-suicide/story?id=68631401" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">crianças pobres</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> são significativamente mais propensas a morrer por suicídio. </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.bmj.com/content/366/bmj.l4521.full" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Globalmente, desigualdades</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> baseadas em riqueza e raça</span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://thehill.com/opinion/healthcare/591777-us-youth-are-in-a-mental-health-crisis-we-must-invest-in-their-care/" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://thehill.com/opinion/healthcare/591777-us-youth-are-in-a-mental-health-crisis-we-must-invest-in-their-care/" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Health/economic-status-warning-sign-youth-suicide/story?id=68631401" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.bmj.com/content/366/bmj.l4521.full" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">são determinantes-chave da saúde mental, em parte porque as pessoas que sentem que o mundo em que vivem é profundamente injusto têm maior probabilidade de desenvolver distúrbios clínicos de saúde mental.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session29/Documents/A_HRC_29_33_ENG.DOCX" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Um relatório</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> das Nações Unidas de 2019 </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">sugeriu que, para melhorar a saúde mental, os governos deveriam se concentrar em investir em programas sociais para apoiar pessoas que sofreram trauma, abuso e negligência em casa ou em seus bairros. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Parece improvável, porém, que nossos representantes eleitos estejam prontos para tais coisas.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><strong style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Isto é para a democracia</strong></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As fragilidades humanas que impedem o alistamento são sintomas de algo mais sinistro do que um militar sem corpos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A ameaça que certamente prejudicará ainda mais qualquer disposição americana de encarar a vida como deveria ser enfrentada neste discordante século XXI, com seus verões cada vez mais febris, é o desmantelamento de nosso sistema democrático.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/02/09/a-new-low-for-global-democracy" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Uma pesquisa</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> recente </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">classificou os EUA apenas em 26º lugar globalmente quando se trata da qualidade de sua democracia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">E isso é triste porque os sistemas democráticos funcionais são melhores para criar as condições nas quais as pessoas podem ajudar umas às outras e se envolver em </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/11/opinion/letters/national-service.html" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">serviços públicos</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> de todos os tipos, sim, inclusive nas forças armadas.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As democracias também são melhores na </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/06/13/democracies-are-no-better-at-educating-than-autocracies-this-is-why/" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">educação das pessoas e geralmente têm sistemas </span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8423257/" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">de saúde</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> mais eficientes </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">, em parte devido à menor probabilidade de corrupção. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Pergunte a qualquer um que tenha procurado atendimento em uma autocracia como a Rússia e eles lhe dirão que mesmo ser rico não garante atendimento de qualidade quando o suborno e a retaliação política impregnam a vida social.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As democracias têm menos </span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://www.usaid.gov/democracy" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">violência</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> criminosa e menos probabilidade de guerra civil. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em uma verdadeira democracia onde a transição pacífica do poder é um dado adquirido, os tipos de emergências que exigem uma forte resposta militar e policial são muito menos prováveis, e é por isso que a insurreição de 6 de janeiro no Capitólio foi tão ameaçadora. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Pior ainda, investir em armas, em vez de meios de subsistência humanos, certamente terá custos que não são apenas de longo alcance, mas difíceis de prever. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Uma coisa é certa, porém: a guerra e os preparativos cada vez maiores para mais dela </span></span><a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/costs/social" rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">não</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> lançam as bases para uma boa democracia.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Tudo isso para dizer que nosso governo deveria parar de usar telas de cinema e shoppings para vender suas práticas sangrentas no exterior. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Deveria parar de </span></span><a data-wpel-link="internal" href="https://tomdispatch.com/fueling-the-warfare-state/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">investir</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> no estado de (in)segurança nacional e nas corporações que o apóiam de uma forma que se tornou inimaginável para o resto da sociedade. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Deveria desenvolver um sistema de apoio social verdadeiramente funcional em casa, que incluísse os americanos que agora não preenchem as fileiras cansadas do Pentágono.</span></span></p><p class="is-style-copyright" style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Este ensaio é distribuído pela </span></span><a href="http://www.tomdispatch.com/" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">TomDispatch</span></span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .</span></span></em></p></div><div style="font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><p class="author_description" style="color: #111111; font-family: SSit; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; max-width: 680px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><em style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Andrea Mazzarino co-fundou o </em><a href="https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><em style="color: #111111; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Projeto Custos da Guerra da</em></a><em style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> Brown University . </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ela é uma ativista e assistente social interessada nos impactos da guerra na saúde. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ela ocupou vários cargos clínicos, de pesquisa e de advocacia, inclusive em um ambulatório de TEPT para assuntos de veteranos, com a Human Rights Watch e em uma agência comunitária de saúde mental. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ela é a co-editora do novo livro </span></span></em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1479894613/counterpunchmaga" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Guerra e Saúde: As Consequências Médicas das Guerras no Iraque e no Afeganistão</a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .</span></p></div>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-43986275984446616862022-07-28T21:31:00.000-07:002022-07-28T21:31:00.300-07:00Somos Uma Espécie<p> <span style="font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; font-size: 1.2em; text-transform: uppercase;">28 DE JULHO DE 2022</span></p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px;"></span><h1 class="headline" style="font-family: minion-pro-condensed, serif; font-size: 1.912em; line-height: calc(18px + 1.15vw); margin: 0px; max-width: 800px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><br /></h1><span class="post_author_intro" style="font-family: "Source Sans Pro", sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; word-break: break-word;">POR</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px;"> </span><span class="post_author" style="display: inline-block; font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://www.counterpunch.org/author/wes-jackson-robert-jensen/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #1e1e1e; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", sans-serif; font-size: 0.938em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-transform: uppercase; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">WES JACKSON-ROBERT JENSEN</span></a></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; 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font-size: 17.6px; margin: 0px; max-width: 680px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><div class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_250480" style="height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: 1052px; word-break: break-word;"><img alt="" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-250480" class="wp-image-250480 size-large" height="630" sizes="(max-width: 1042px) 100vw, 1042px" src="https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/IMG_5355-2-1042x630.jpeg" srcset="https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/IMG_5355-2-1042x630.jpeg 1042w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/IMG_5355-2-680x411.jpeg 680w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/IMG_5355-2-768x465.jpeg 768w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/IMG_5355-2-1536x929.jpeg 1536w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/IMG_5355-2-2048x1239.jpeg 2048w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/IMG_5355-2-500x302.jpeg 500w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/IMG_5355-2-600x363.jpeg 600w" style="border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" width="1042" /><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-250480" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.3em 0px 20px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Acampamento de sem-teto e mural de salmão sob a ponte Morrison, Portland, Oregon. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Foto: Jeffrey St. Clair.</span></span></p></div><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O mundo está uma bagunça, tanto em termos sociais quanto ecológicos, atolado em sistemas injustos e insustentáveis. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A responsabilidade por esta condição não é compartilhada igualmente. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Nações poderosas definem a política mundial que produziu uma dramática desigualdade de riqueza, e as nações ricas contribuem mais para o aquecimento global e o colapso do ecossistema. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas junto com os esforços para mudar essas condições e enfrentar as crises hoje, devemos refletir sobre como chegamos aqui. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Como uma espécie acabou tão fraturada?</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Primeiro, deve ser incontroverso afirmar o princípio antirracista, ancorado na biologia básica, de que somos uma espécie. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Existem diferenças observáveis em coisas como cor da pele e textura do cabelo, bem como alguns padrões de predisposição a doenças com base nas origens geográficas dos ancestrais, mas a ideia de raças separadas foi </span></span><a href="https://www.sapiens.org/biology/is-race-real/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">criada por humanos e não é encontrada na natureza</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Não há diferenças conhecidas de base biológica em atributos intelectuais, psicológicos ou morais entre populações humanas de diferentes regiões do mundo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Existe variação individual </span></span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">dentro</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> de qualquer população humana em um determinado lugar (obviamente, os indivíduos em qualquer sociedade diferem em uma variedade de características). </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas não há diferenças significativas de base biológica </span></span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">entre</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> as populações na forma como as pessoas são capazes de pensar, sentir ou tomar decisões. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Somos uma espécie. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Somos todos basicamente o mesmo animal.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Embora sejamos uma espécie, existem diferenças culturais óbvias entre as populações humanas ao redor do </span><a href="https://undpress.nd.edu/9780268203665/an-inconvenient-apocalypse/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-250481 alignright" height="263" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px" src="https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Screen-Shot-2022-07-26-at-7.28.56-AM.png" srcset="https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Screen-Shot-2022-07-26-at-7.28.56-AM.png 592w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Screen-Shot-2022-07-26-at-7.28.56-AM-420x630.png 420w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Screen-Shot-2022-07-26-at-7.28.56-AM-500x750.png 500w" style="border: 0px; display: block; float: right; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em; word-break: break-word;" width="175" /></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">mundo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Essas diferenças culturais não são um produto da biologia humana; </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">isto é, eles não são o produto de um grupo que seja geneticamente significativamente diferente de outro, especialmente de maneiras que poderiam ser rotuladas cognitivamente como superiores ou inferiores. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Então, por que culturas diferentes se desenvolveram em lugares diferentes?</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A resposta mais óbvia é que é o resultado de humanos vivendo em diferentes condições materiais. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Outras explicações possíveis para variações nas culturas incluem uma força sobrenatural que fornece orientação divina ou simples aleatoriedade. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Explicações teológicas – que há alguma força não material que ditou ou colocou esses padrões em movimento – são baseadas em afirmações de fé e não se baseiam em evidências. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Nunca identificamos nenhuma razão convincente para aceitar relatos sobrenaturais de fenômenos naturais. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Também nunca ouvimos um argumento coerente sobre como as diferenças culturais são simplesmente aleatórias.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Assim, concluímos que o tipo de arranjo de vida que os grupos de humanos desenvolvem surgem das diferenças na geografia, clima e condições ambientais. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Na ausência de qualquer outra explicação credível, assumimos que as diferentes realidades materiais sob as quais os humanos viveram moldaram as variações na cultura humana. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As pessoas fazem escolhas para construir culturas de maneiras específicas, mas se todas as pessoas são basicamente o mesmo animal, então as </span></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3049104/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">diferenças nessas escolhas ao redor do mundo</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> são provavelmente o produto dessas diferentes condições.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Esta não deve ser uma conclusão surpreendente. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A partir de nossa própria experiência, todos sabemos que tomamos decisões, individual e coletivamente, de maneiras que não entendemos e não podemos entender completamente. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Nossa experiência de escolher livremente não significa que todas as nossas escolhas sejam 100% livres. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Sem tentar resolver o antigo debate sobre o livre arbítrio, todos nós podemos refletir sobre a frequência com que reconhecemos que as escolhas passadas, que acreditávamos ter feito livremente em um momento no tempo, foram moldadas e constrangidas por condições materiais que não podia entender naquele momento e pode nunca entender completamente. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Enquanto continuamos a agir no dia a dia com base no livre-arbítrio, também devemos continuar alertas para as maneiras pelas quais o comportamento é determinado em algum grau.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em suma, precisamos usar qualquer livre arbítrio que tenhamos para entender o determinismo que está em ação para moldar nossas escolhas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Este é, naturalmente, um enigma lógico, mas é uma descrição adequada da condição humana. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Séculos de investigação filosófica e científica não fizeram muito para mudar isso. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Tentamos aprofundar nossa compreensão das forças deterministas enquanto vivemos como se tivéssemos livre arbítrio expansivo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Isso não encerra os debates sobre livre-arbítrio e determinismo, mas captura nossa experiência.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Quais são as implicações de tudo isso? </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Antes de condenarmos as ações insustentáveis e injustas de outros, devemos ser criticamente auto-reflexivos sobre nossas próprias contribuições para o atual estado de degradação da ecosfera e a desigualdade ao nosso redor. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Esse é o primeiro passo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O segundo passo é ir além das falhas dos indivíduos em avaliar os sistemas políticos e econômicos que recompensam o comportamento patológico e impedem o comportamento virtuoso, especialmente os sistemas em que vivemos e tendemos a dar como certo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O terceiro passo é pensar historicamente, reconhecendo que qualquer grupo de humanos vivendo sob as mesmas condições materiais provavelmente teria se desenvolvido aproximadamente da mesma maneira. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Não há nada intrinsecamente especial sobre qualquer um de nós ou qualquer grupo de pessoas.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Essa abordagem cautelosa é uma maneira de estender o ditado “Lá, mas pela graça de Deus eu vou” além dos indivíduos para as culturas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Essa frase surgiu de uma afirmação cristã de humildade diante da misericórdia de Deus, mas a usamos aqui de maneira secular. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Se alguém viveu uma vida exemplar, isso é ótimo, mas esteja ciente de que a vida poderia ter sido muito diferente se algumas das condições materiais em que vivemos fossem diferentes. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Aqueles que acreditam ter realizado algo e dado uma contribuição positiva ao mundo devem lembrar que uma mudança em qualquer uma das condições em nossas vidas, especialmente em nossos anos de formação, pode ter significado fracassar em vez de ter sucesso. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Não estamos sugerindo que não temos controle sobre nossas vidas, mas simplesmente que provavelmente não temos tanto controle quanto muitas pessoas gostariam de acreditar.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Isso é verdade para nós, individual e coletivamente. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As condições sob as quais uma cultura surgiu podem ter levado a arranjos de vida ecologicamente sustentáveis, mas esses arranjos de vida teriam sido diferentes se as condições iniciais tivessem sido diferentes. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Se a Cultura A criou um modo de vida ecologicamente sustentável e a Cultura B criou um sistema insustentável, é importante destacar as diferenças, endossar a Cultura A e tentar mudar a Cultura B. as duas culturas que surgiram fossem diferentes, então como seriam A e B?</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Em nossa análise secular, vamos</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> lá, exceto pela geografia, clima e condições ambientais específicas </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Por exemplo, devido às diferenças nas condições iniciais, nem todas as culturas desenvolveram as tecnologias para arar o solo, fundir minérios ou explorar combustíveis fósseis para trabalhar em máquinas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As culturas sem essas tecnologias não esgotaram o carbono nos solos, florestas, carvão, petróleo e gás natural da maneira que as sociedades com essas tecnologias fizeram.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O desenvolvimento dessas tecnologias não foi produto da inteligência inerentemente superior de pessoas em regiões específicas do mundo – lembre-se, estamos comprometidos com um princípio antirracista que flui da biologia básica. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Isso significa que as forças que levaram à criação dessas tecnologias devem ter sido geradas pelas condições ambientais específicas sob as quais essa cultura se desenvolveu ao longo do tempo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Da mesma forma, a menor taxa de esgotamento de carbono resultante da ausência dessas tecnologias não pode ser um marcador de inteligência inerentemente superior das pessoas em determinadas regiões, mas sim o produto das condições ambientais. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em um sentido significativo, a trajetória dos povos e suas culturas é produto do continente e da região específica em que viveram.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Muitos que se consideram antirracistas podem se irritar com essa análise. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Então, queremos ser claros sobre como entendemos as diferenças raciais e étnicas no contexto da história política e econômica. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Europa não é rica porque os europeus são racialmente superiores. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Europa é rica porque se desenvolveu em uma trajetória diferente das Américas, África e Ásia, como resultado de diferenças geográficas e ambientais. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Essa trajetória possibilitou aos europeus conquistar e explorar as pessoas e os recursos desses outros continentes. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A certa altura, os europeus acreditavam-se intelectualmente e moralmente superiores por causa de diferenças raciais que eram consideradas imutáveis. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Sabemos que isso é falso. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas se isso for falso,</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Se a história não foi moldada pelas pequenas diferenças genéticas associadas à região do mundo de nossos ancestrais, isso nos deixa com geografia, clima e condições ambientais, a menos que queiramos argumentar que a história é dirigida por Deus/Deusa ou deuses/ deusas, ou é simplesmente aleatório. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Nós realmente somos uma espécie.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Estudiosos que apresentaram dados e argumentos convincentes para o que é normalmente chamado de determinismo geográfico ou ambiental apontam que essas forças não agem de maneira simples e linear. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A geografia molda as pessoas, e as pessoas agem para moldar o significado da geografia, fazendo escolhas ao longo do caminho. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas nem todas as pessoas ao longo da história e ao redor do mundo foram apresentadas às mesmas escolhas pelas paisagens em que viveram. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Novamente, não precisamos resolver o debate filosófico mais amplo sobre livre-arbítrio versus determinismo para reconhecer que essas realidades materiais são uma força motriz na formação da história humana.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Esta não deve ser uma afirmação surpreendente. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Todos os organismos se adaptam e são moldados por seus lugares. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Não há razão para que os humanos sejam isentos dessa observação. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Embora seja verdade que a fisiologia e a capacidade cognitiva dos humanos nos permitem viver em quase qualquer lugar da Terra, isso não significa que a geografia não tenha relevância na forma como organizamos as sociedades e desenvolvemos novas tecnologias.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Conhecemos muitas pessoas – incluindo aquelas que compartilham nosso ponto de vista sobre justiça social e sustentabilidade ecológica – que estão nervosas com qualquer exploração dessa análise. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Essa resistência parece baseada no medo de que reconhecer o papel da geografia na história humana de alguma forma negue às pessoas qualquer senso de agência e/ou forneça absolvição para aquelas pessoas que exploraram outras pessoas e o mundo não humano. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Entendemos esse medo, mas acreditamos que entender os problemas contemporâneos e planejar o futuro exige que não ignoremos informações e análises relevantes.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Nada do que argumentamos alivia indivíduos ou sociedades da responsabilidade moral por ações injustas e insustentáveis. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Não podemos saber exatamente que nível de determinismo está em jogo em nossas vidas, mas podemos continuar a avaliar nossas escolhas e agir de acordo com princípios morais de dignidade, solidariedade e igualdade. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas à medida que julgamos as falhas humanas - nossas e dos outros - e tomamos medidas corretivas, devemos nos lembrar de ser humildes.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">[Este ensaio é adaptado de </span><a href="https://undpress.nd.edu/9780268203665/an-inconvenient-apocalypse/" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><em style="color: #111111; font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">An Inconvenient Apocalypse: Environmental Collapse, Climate Crisis, and the Fate of Humanity</span></em></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .]</span></p></div><div style="font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><p class="author_description" style="color: #111111; font-family: SSit; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; max-width: 680px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://landinstitute.org/about-us/staff/wes-jackson/" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Wes Jackson</a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> é presidente emérito do </span><a href="https://landinstitute.org/" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">The Land Institute</a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://robertwjensen.org/" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Robert Jensen</a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> é professor emérito da </span><a href="https://www.utexas.edu/" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Universidade do Texas em Austin</a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> . </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Jensen pode ser contatado em </span></span><a href="mailto:rjensen@austin.utexas.edu" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">rjensen@austin.utexas.edu</a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .</span></p></div>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-12439490910568741132022-06-04T15:55:00.004-07:002022-06-04T15:55:43.239-07:00Crimes de guerra, de Nuremberg à Ucrânia<p> <span style="font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; font-size: 1.2em; text-transform: uppercase;">3 DE JUNHO DE 2022</span></p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px;"></span><h1 class="headline" style="font-family: minion-pro-condensed, serif; font-size: 1.912em; line-height: calc(18px + 1.15vw); margin: 0px; max-width: 800px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span class="post_author_intro" style="font-family: "Source Sans Pro", sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; word-break: break-word;">POR</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px;"> </span><span class="post_author" style="display: inline-block; font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://www.counterpunch.org/author/ellen-taylor/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #1e1e1e; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", sans-serif; font-size: 0.938em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-transform: uppercase; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; 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font-size: 17.6px; margin: 0px; max-width: 680px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><div class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_245318" style="height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: 690px; word-break: break-word;"><img alt="" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-245318" class="wp-image-245318 size-medium" height="451" sizes="(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px" src="https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Screen-Shot-2022-06-02-at-6.55.11-AM-680x451.png" srcset="https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Screen-Shot-2022-06-02-at-6.55.11-AM-680x451.png 680w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Screen-Shot-2022-06-02-at-6.55.11-AM-951x630.png 951w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Screen-Shot-2022-06-02-at-6.55.11-AM-768x509.png 768w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Screen-Shot-2022-06-02-at-6.55.11-AM-1536x1018.png 1536w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Screen-Shot-2022-06-02-at-6.55.11-AM-500x331.png 500w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Screen-Shot-2022-06-02-at-6.55.11-AM-600x398.png 600w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Screen-Shot-2022-06-02-at-6.55.11-AM.png 1720w" style="border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;" width="680" /><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-245318" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.3em 0px 20px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Telford Taylor dando suas observações de abertura no julgamento dos juízes, Nuremberg, 1947.</span></p></div><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eu estava em Nuremberg durante os julgamentos de crimes de guerra que se seguiram à Segunda Guerra Mundial. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Meu pai, Brig. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O general Telford Taylor, foi procurador-chefe durante a segunda fase americana. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As equipes francesa, russa e britânica foram para casa para continuar os julgamentos em casa, mas os EUA ficaram mais tempo e agendaram cerca de 400 réus adicionais. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eles foram divididos em doze categorias: juízes, médicos, industriais, etc. Foram 142 condenações e dez sentenças de morte.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Lembro-me do alto astral das tropas de ocupação e do pessoal do tribunal,</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A alegria do triunfo e da vitória. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Dancei com eles no salão de baile do Grand Hotel, onde os funcionários e os advogados do tribunal passavam as noites. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eu me assustei ao olhar para crateras de bombas aparentemente sem fundo, brincar nos destroços de guerra de nossa casa comandada, e ouvir as histórias contadas pelos servos, que estavam em prantos felizes por serem alimentados e abrigados durante o pós-guerra atingido pela fome. anos.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">E, sem prestar muita atenção ou manifestar interesse precoce, cresci convencido da importância axiomática, por mais difícil que seja manter a responsabilidade universal, do direito internacional para a sobrevivência humana.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Embora os crimes de guerra continuassem a florescer, o tribunal de Nuremberg foi lentamente caindo na lata de lixo, muitas vezes menosprezado como a justiça do vencedor. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Meu pai, em seu livro sobre o massacre de My Lai no Vietnã, era pessimista sobre a aplicabilidade de seus preceitos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O Tribunal Penal Internacional, criado em 2002, parecia concentrar-se principalmente na África, e o fantasma do colonialismo estava presente em todos os tribunais especiais. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Livros foram escritos acusando os EUA de crimes de guerra no Iraque, o que criou uma mera onda na consciência pública.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">No entanto, como resultado da invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia, este ano, os jornalistas abordaram o tema dos crimes de guerra com entusiasmo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Até meu jornal local publicou um editorial exigindo que um tribunal de crimes de guerra fosse organizado para enforcar Putin, assim como os criminosos de guerra de Nuremberg foram enforcados. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Karim Khan, promotor-chefe do Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI), está no local conduzindo investigações. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Vladimir Putin é acusado de travar uma guerra agressiva.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Nos tribunais de Nuremberg, quatro acusações foram feitas contra os réus: conspiração premeditada para cometer os crimes contra a paz, o crime de iniciar guerra agressiva, crimes de guerra e crimes contra a humanidade. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Os juízes afirmaram que travar uma guerra agressiva era o crime mais grave de todos: era “essencialmente uma coisa maligna” e “não apenas um crime internacional; </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">é o crime internacional supremo, diferindo apenas de outros crimes de guerra por conter em si o mal acumulado do todo”.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Que eu saiba, desde então, ninguém foi acusado das duas primeiras acusações: conspiração para instigar uma guerra e o início de uma guerra de agressão. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">No entanto, muitas vozes influentes estão agora acusando o presidente russo Putin de cometer esses crimes.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Rússia invadiu a Ucrânia em 26 de fevereiro de </span><sup style="line-height: 0.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">2022.</sup><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> Ao descrever esse ataque como uma “operação especial” em vez de um ato de guerra, o presidente russo Putin evitou a interface legal com um documento pelo qual confessa grande respeito, a Carta das Nações Unidas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Este documento, como a Carta de Nuremberg, tem sido frequentemente descartado por atores estatais como obsoleto e é violado despreocupadamente por muitas nações, incluindo os EUA. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Embora tenha distinguido a invasão como uma operação especial, Putin se referiu ao documento no contexto das ações da Rússia:</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O artigo 4 do Capítulo 2 afirma que “Todos os Membros… devem abster-se da ameaça ou uso da força” contra outra nação. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Capítulo 7 O artigo 51, no entanto, afirma que “nada… prejudicará o direito inerente de… autodefesa se ocorrer um ataque armado contra um Membro”.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A OSCE (Organização para Segurança e Cooperação na Europa), uma organização intergovernamental com status de Observador nas Nações Unidas, aborda a questão dos limites da segurança: “Os Estados não fortalecerão sua segurança às custas de outros Estados… igual direito à segurança, com níveis comparáveis de segurança para todos”.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Carta da OSCE foi concebida expressamente para contribuir para a formação de um espaço de segurança comum e indivisível na área da OSCE, livre de linhas divisórias.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Os esforços russos para alcançar a paz na Europa e a segurança do povo russo foram exemplares e extensos desde a queda do Muro de Berlim e a subsequente dissolução da União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O presidente Michael Gorbachev estava eufórico quando o Muro de Berlim caiu em 1991. Ele próprio escapou por pouco da Segunda Guerra Mundial: apenas três em cada cem meninos, um pouco mais velhos que ele, sobreviveram. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele, no entanto, sofreu pesadas perdas pessoais, da guerra e sob Stalin.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Agora, quando o muro caiu, sua ansiedade evaporou e, em sua exaltação, ele ousou falar de “Nossa Casa Comum Européia – do Atlântico aos Urais”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele havia feito amizade com a maioria dos líderes da Europa. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele acreditava que sua aceitação da reunificação alemã levaria a uma era de paz e que a organização militar até então hostil, a OTAN, cessaria sua agressão.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O secretário-geral da OTAN Manfred Woerner (“Não devemos permitir o isolamento da URSS da comunidade europeia… o fato de não colocarmos um exército da OTAN fora do território alemão dá à União Soviética uma garantia firme”) e o presidente GHWBush (“ Não temos intenção, mesmo em nossos pensamentos, de prejudicar a União Soviética de forma alguma”). </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele acreditava que um novo mundo brilhante estava próximo.</span></span></p><div class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_245319" style="height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: 690px; word-break: break-word;"><img alt="" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-245319" class="wp-image-245319 size-medium" height="434" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px" src="https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Screen-Shot-2022-06-02-at-7.06.57-AM-680x434.png" srcset="https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Screen-Shot-2022-06-02-at-7.06.57-AM-680x434.png 680w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Screen-Shot-2022-06-02-at-7.06.57-AM-988x630.png 988w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Screen-Shot-2022-06-02-at-7.06.57-AM-768x490.png 768w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Screen-Shot-2022-06-02-at-7.06.57-AM-1536x979.png 1536w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Screen-Shot-2022-06-02-at-7.06.57-AM-2048x1306.png 2048w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Screen-Shot-2022-06-02-at-7.06.57-AM-500x319.png 500w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Screen-Shot-2022-06-02-at-7.06.57-AM-600x383.png 600w" style="border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;" width="680" /><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-245319" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.3em 0px 20px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O autor e Mikhail Gorbachev em 2016, durante uma expedição com o Centro de Iniciativas Cidadãs. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Foto cortesia de Ellen Taylor.</span></span></p></div><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Por causa dos terrores de sua história nos últimos séculos, a Rússia não estava disposta a desistir desse sonho expresso por Gorbachev. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Portanto, suas expressões de indignação foram silenciadas quando os Estados Unidos começaram quase instantaneamente a se intrometer nos assuntos russos, transmitindo informações adquiridas pela NSA para ajudar na ascensão de Boris Yeltsin ao poder. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Quando a União Soviética entrou em colapso, os ativos russos foram vendidos, muitos para conglomerados estrangeiros, e a economia foi saqueada.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O protesto russo, também, foi moderado, quando, em 1999, o Ocidente quebrou definitivamente sua palavra, e uma procissão de países, cujas fronteiras se estendiam 800 milhas a leste das linhas de 1991, começaram a fazer suas entradas na OTAN. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em 2007, quatorze países haviam sido adicionados à OTAN desde a queda do Muro.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">George Kennan foi um conhecido historiador e diplomata e embaixador na Rússia durante o período stalinista. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele saudou este próximo passo, a expansão da OTAN para incluir os países anteriores do Pacto de Varsóvia, com descrença e desgosto:</span></span></p><blockquote style="border-color: rgb(231, 231, 231); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.1em; color: inherit; font-size: 1em; margin: 1rem 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; word-break: break-word;"><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">“Acho que é um erro trágico. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Não há nenhuma razão para isso. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ninguém estava ameaçando ninguém. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Fiquei particularmente incomodado com as referências à Rússia como um país morrendo de vontade de atacar a Europa Ocidental. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O que me incomoda é o quão superficial e mal informado foi todo o debate no Senado. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A democracia da Rússia está tão avançada, se não mais, do que qualquer um desses países que acabamos de assinar para defender da Rússia.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas algo da mais alta importância está em jogo aqui. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Talvez não seja tarde demais para avançar na opinião de que, acredito, não é apenas minha, mas compartilhada por vários outros com experiência extensa e, na maioria dos casos, mais recente em assuntos russos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A visão, declarada sem rodeios, é que expandir a OTAN seria o erro mais fatídico da política externa americana em toda a era pós-Guerra Fria.”</span></span></p></blockquote><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Vladimir Putin, que chegou ao poder em 2000, exibiu a mesma relutância em desistir do Sonho, expresso por Gorbachev, de uma “Casa Europeia Comum”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em 2000, ele perguntou ao então presidente norte-americano Clinton se a Rússia poderia aderir à OTAN. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Esta não era uma ideia nova: Krushchev havia feito o mesmo pedido em 1954 e Boris Yeltsin em 1991. Ambos os pedidos foram indeferidos.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Quanto a Clinton, ele respondeu sem rodeios que se a Rússia fizesse parte da OTAN não haveria razão para ela existir.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A vida de Putin, como a de Gorbachev, foi devastada pela Segunda Guerra Mundial: seu irmão morto, sua família destruída pelo terrível cerco de Leningrado.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O espetáculo de instalações militares eriçadas de mísseis em um cordão ameaçadoramente cada vez mais forte em torno da Rússia, e o andar de milhares de botas, enquanto a OTAN conduzia exercícios militares em suas fronteiras (estimado em cerca de quatro batalhas simuladas por mês, com a Rússia no papel de força inimiga ) finalmente despertou a memória histórica de invasão da Rússia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Na Conferência de Munique, em 2007, ao discursar na 43ª Conferência de Política de Segurança de Munique, um alarmado presidente Putin fez um discurso poderoso e agora famoso, abordando o laço que ele percebeu, apertando em torno da Rússia.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> Ele começou citando FDR, “segurança para um é segurança para todos” e denunciando o mundo unipolar que resultou do colapso da União Soviética: um mundo com apenas um mestre, que é destruidor dessa segurança “perniciosa não apenas para todos os que estão dentro este sistema, mas também para o próprio soberano, porque ele se destrói por dentro”.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Observando que a unipolaridade não traz paz e aludindo às guerras no Oriente Médio, ele observou que “mais pessoas estão morrendo do que nunca” devido ao “uso incontido da hiperforça nas relações internacionais”.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">“Ninguém se sente seguro!” </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">ele repetiu. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">“Ninguém pode sentir que o direito internacional é como um muro de pedra que os protegerá!” </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">e, depois de se dirigir ao anel de bases e mísseis da OTAN que cercam a Rússia, ele perguntou, incisivamente,</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">“Penso que é óbvio que a expansão da OTAN não tem qualquer relação com a modernização da própria Aliança ou com a garantia da segurança na Europa. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Pelo contrário, representa uma séria provocação que reduz o nível de confiança mútua. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">E temos o direito de perguntar: contra quem se destina essa expansão?”</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A platéia de diplomatas, estadistas e mulheres trocaram olhares e ficaram em silêncio.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em seguida, ele apresentou uma imagem visual de uma nova arquitetura de segurança global que lembrava a “Casa Comum Européia” de Gorbachev. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele detalhou a necessidade de criar um sistema mais justo de relações econômicas globais para substituir o atual em que os países doadores “entregam caridade com uma mão e coletam lucros com a outra”.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele lamentou a estagnação dos esforços de desarmamento e os bilhões gastos em armas nucleares. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele lamentou a retirada dos EUA do tratado ABM e anunciou que trouxe uma proposta à conferência para acabar com a ameaçada militarização do espaço pelos EUA. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele abraçou a Carta da ONU como uma pedra angular para a nova arquitetura de segurança e uma base para substituir o sistema unipolar pela multipolaridade.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Putin não mediu palavras em seu discurso. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele era sério e inequívoco. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas, dois meses depois, com uma proverbial cutucada no olho do urso russo, em Bucareste, na cimeira ministerial da NATO, a NATO acolheu as aspirações euro-atlânticas da Ucrânia e da Geórgia à adesão à NATO.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Desde então, a Rússia fez todos os esforços possíveis para expressar sua preocupação com o espetáculo do poderio armado da OTAN em suas fronteiras.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Assistiu ao aumento dos exercícios militares da OTAN: batalhões de diferentes países são destacados nas fronteiras da Rússia e engajam “o inimigo” em vários cenários, incluindo o nuclear, cerca de quarenta vezes por ano. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Um desses roteiros previa atrocidades cometidas contra a Estônia, um país da OTAN, por forças convencionais invasoras russas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As respostas promulgadas praticaram o uso de mísseis nucleares de baixo rendimento implantados de submarinos dos EUA.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Existem bases militares bem abastecidas com armas em todos os países da OTAN nas fronteiras da Rússia, incluindo escudos de mísseis de trilhões de dólares na Romênia e na Polônia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Os ABMs podem ser convertidos em armas ofensivas simplesmente inserindo um disco.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">“Europa 2020” foi projetado para ser o maior exercício militar em 25 anos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Desdobrou 125.000 soldados de países da OTAN. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Tropas dos EUA trouxeram 20.000 equipamentos de casa e correram para posições de armazenamento previamente estabelecidas em toda a Europa para implantar mais armas o mais rápido possível e encontrar 9.000 soldados já na Europa na fronteira com a Rússia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Como uma espécie de recurso psyops, o exercício deveria ser consumado no 80º </span></span><sup style="line-height: 0.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">aniversário</sup><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> da Operação Barbarossa, a invasão nazista da Rússia em 1941, uma catástrofe profundamente traumática e ressonante na história russa. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O exercício teve que ser abortado por causa da covid.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Diante dessa ameaça, o general russo Gerasimov afirmou estar convencido de que a OTAN estava se preparando para a guerra. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">E, de fato, não há como esses exercícios serem descritos como não ameaçadores. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas os EUA os vêem de maneira diferente. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Nas palavras do ex-secretário do Exército Ryan McCarthy, “Os últimos 18 anos de conflito construíram uma memória muscular na contrainsurgência, mas com isso veio a atrofia em outras áreas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Agora estamos engajando esses outros grupos musculares.”</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Diplomatas dos EUA, claramente não esperando que acreditassem, alegaram que mísseis posicionados nas fronteiras da Rússia eram destinados ao Irã. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Jack Matlock, ex-embaixador na Rússia, praticamente rindo enquanto falava, disse a Putin que a linha de fortalezas da OTAN era apenas um plano de empregos, destinado a diminuir as taxas de desemprego nos EUA.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O General Tod Wolters, Comandante das forças dos EUA na Europa e Comandante Supremo Aliado na Europa, é a favor de uma “política flexível de primeiro uso” em relação às armas nucleares.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Como observou o general Mark Milley, presidente do Estado-Maior Conjunto, “o caráter da guerra está mudando de frequência”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Nossa nação está empenhada em uma atualização agressiva dos sistemas de armas existentes e na compra de novas tecnologias: armas hipersônicas capazes de velocidades de 15.000 mph, inteligência artificial superando a imaginação da ficção científica, sistemas e plataformas autônomos, 5G, armas nucleares de “baixo rendimento”. , avanços dramáticos no ciberespaço com a microeletrônica mais rápida em muitas ordens de magnitude. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Para o espaço sideral, desenvolvemos o que o ex-presidente Trump descreveu em sua inauguração como “algumas das armas mais incríveis que o mundo já viu”.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A nova Estratégia de Defesa Nacional incorpora o mesmo espírito de seus predecessores, desde o Plano para o Novo Século Americano de 1996. Ela requer domínio de espectro total. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele se prepara para uma guerra de alto nível, “near-peer”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Seus objetivos são “dissuasão integrada, campanhas e ações que constroem vantagens duradouras”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">“Dissuasão integrada” aqui significa, envolvendo as contribuições de todos os ramos das forças armadas, o movimento para frente de armas e bases descrito acima em direção aos inimigos, exercícios e aventuras, como a entrada provocativa de destróieres portadores de mísseis guiados com escolta aérea, navegação (como eles fizeram) no Mar de Barents, para “reforçar a liberdade de navegação”.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> “Campanha” inclui infiltração, uso de forças especiais, mídia, disseminação de desinformação, sabotagem cibernética, sanções e outras táticas para atingir os objetivos de domínio total do espectro. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">“Construir vantagens duradouras” significa atenção inabalável e compra das mais recentes tecnologias de armas.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A palavra “concorrente” é usada no documento de forma intercambiável com “inimigo”.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ao longo dos anos, em preparação para promover esse domínio, apesar das súplicas da ONU, aliados e da própria Rússia e China, os EUA se retiraram de vários tratados: ABM (2002), Acordo Nuclear do Irã (2018), Direitos Humanos da ONU Conselho (2018), INF (2019), o Tratado de Não Proliferação Nuclear (2020) e o Tratado de Céus Abertos (2020).</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Nem a Rússia nem a China estão ansiosas pelo papel de adversários dos EUA, o inimigo “próximo” que ajudará os EUA a “reativar grupos musculares atrofiados”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eles tiveram que ser provocados, atraídos e torturados, como touros relutantes em uma tourada, para responder. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A catástrofe na Ucrânia é parte do resultado.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Os russos estão profundamente ligados à Ucrânia, que fez parte da Rússia por muito mais tempo do que os EUA existem: de fato, para a maior parte da Ucrânia, do século 9 </span><sup style="line-height: 0.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">até</sup><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> 1991. Esse amor foi descartado como um absurdo místico pelos editoriais do New York Times e outros meios de formação de opinião. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Naomi Klein descreveu isso como “nostalgia tóxica”.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A nostalgia ocupa um enorme reino na natureza humana. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">É o berçário profundo e sempre agitado para a criatividade humana. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Às vezes, motiva a autodefesa, como na resistência dos povos indígenas americanos à assimilação, ou na resistência dos kulaks russos à coletivização imposta por Stalin. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">É tóxico quando impulsiona a agressão militar ou cultural.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">No entanto, apesar da nostalgia, a Rússia não resistiu à tentativa de independência da Ucrânia em 1991, nem interferiu no golpe ilegal de 2014, apenas dando o passo criticamente autoprotetor de recuperar sua base naval em Sebastopol e liberar o presente de Krushchev para a Ucrânia, a Rússia Crimeia.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> Com certeza, há nostalgia, assim como as pessoas da minha biorregião sonham com os poderosos salmões e as árvores gigantes de sua infância. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Ucrânia e a Rússia têm o que se poderia chamar de uma relação ctônica, relacionada à terra, aos rios, ao espírito. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Estudantes de história, cultura e literatura russas, iniciam sua jornada educacional com imersão na vida e nos acontecimentos da Rus, que hoje é a Ucrânia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Igreja Ortodoxa Russa teve suas origens na Ucrânia.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A ação do grande poema épico da Rússia, “A Canção da Campanha de Igor”, ocorre na atual Ucrânia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">É, é, em beleza e profundidade, comparável ao Shanameh da Pérsia, ao Kalevala da Escandinávia, ao Gilgamesh mesopotâmico ou ao Song francês de Roland. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">É amado na Rússia e memorizado por alunos russos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Muitos dos autores favoritos da Rússia e do mundo são ucranianos: Nikolai Gogol, Mikhail Sholokov, Mikhail Bulgakov, Isaac Babel, Taras Shevchenko. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A mãe de Aleksander Solzenitsyn era ucraniana.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A cultura cossaca que persistiu por séculos no leste da Ucrânia entre o Don e o Dnieper, é uma parte romântica e cheia de música e lendas da herança cultural russa. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Embora muito mais antigo e profundo, tem um papel na arte e na história não muito diferente dos filmes e da literatura de faroeste dos EUA.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Os ucranianos são amplamente casados com russos, entre eles estadistas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Leonid Brezhnev era ucraniano, Nikita Krushchev tinha uma esposa ucraniana e foi criado na Ucrânia, onde foi governador por muitos anos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A esposa de Dmitri Medvedev é ucraniana.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Embora houvesse revoltas separatistas após a Segunda Guerra Mundial na Ucrânia, principalmente instigadas por ucranianos do leste que haviam lutado com os nazistas, o fato de Krushchev ter dado a Crimeia, sede da Marinha Russa por quase 250 anos, à Ucrânia, em 1954, é evidência de que ele nem a menor dúvida de sua relação íntima com a Rússia.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Ucrânia era o repositório confiável de uma grande quantidade (um terço!) do arsenal nuclear da União Soviética, e uma importante instalação de pesquisa nuclear estava localizada em Kharkov. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">No entanto, não tinha poderes de comando e controle sobre essas armas e os códigos de lançamento pré-planejados permaneceram na Rússia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Portanto, depois de 1991, eles foram devolvidos à Rússia em nome da não proliferação.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> Assim, a destruição deste arsenal foi na realidade uma destruição de armas russas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Ucrânia recebeu garantias. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Era inconcebível na época que um dia a Ucrânia solicitasse sua substituição por armas norte-americanas, a serem apontadas para a Rússia.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Na última década, a Ucrânia tem sido o foco da agressão da OTAN. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em 2014, os Estados Unidos arquitetaram “o golpe mais flagrante da história”, como George Friedman, CEO da Stratfor, a “CIA sombra”, descreveu. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Os EUA o subsidiaram com 5 bilhões de dólares e o projetaram através, entre outros, da secretária de Estado adjunta Victoria Nuland, cuja conversa claramente gravada com o embaixador dos EUA na Ucrânia foi hackeada e revelada ao mundo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O golpe foi liderado pelo Partido Svoboda (nazista), e também gravado em fita e vídeo, quando derrubou violentamente o presidente ucraniano eleito democraticamente, Victor Yanukovich, e seu governo.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Desde então, a Ucrânia foi rapidamente transformada em um teatro para potenciais operações militares. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A OTAN realizou exercícios. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Scripts como o Rapid Trident, envolvendo milhares de ucranianos e estrangeiros, foram executados em Yavoriv, uma base militar na Ucrânia, no Mar Negro e em outros lugares. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Os militares ucranianos tornaram-se habilidosos, versáteis, flexíveis e, com a ajuda dos países da OTAN, especialmente os EUA, extremamente bem armados. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Academi, uma empresa militar privada anteriormente famosa como Blackwater, treina soldados ucranianos desde 2015, especialmente na guerra urbana. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Ucrânia desenvolveu um exército de primeira classe.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Nas últimas duas décadas, diplomatas russos expressaram exaustivamente suas objeções à sombra cada vez mais próxima da OTAN na Ucrânia, mas, depois de Maidan, as tropas russas começaram a aparecer em maior número na fronteira leste da Ucrânia.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Como o presidente Putin observou: “Para os EUA, a Ucrânia é uma questão de dividendos geopolíticos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Para a Rússia, é uma questão de vida ou morte”.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Vladimir Zelensky fez campanha para presidente da Ucrânia em 2019 em uma plataforma de paz, prometendo acabar com os combates no leste da Ucrânia, onde 14.000 ucranianos do leste morreram nos cinco anos anteriores resistindo ao regime ucraniano imposto pelo golpe. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele prometeu implementar os acordos de Minsk que incluíam a retirada de tropas, diálogo significativo, anistia para os participantes nos combates, libertação de prisioneiros, retirada de ajuda externa, status especial de autonomia para Luhansk e Donetsk, controle ucraniano das fronteiras e monitoramento pelo governo OSCE, a Organização Europeia de Segurança e Cooperação.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele não cumpriu essas promessas de campanha. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em vez disso, ele repetiu as intenções da Ucrânia de retomar a Crimeia e suprimir os oblasts orientais, em março de 2021. A consternação da Rússia foi expressa no envio imediato de dezenas de milhares de soldados para a fronteira ucraniana.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Nos nove meses seguintes, a Rússia tentou negociar, sem sucesso. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">E, enquanto as armas e conhecimentos da OTAN e dos EUA continuavam a fluir para a Ucrânia, o exército permanente russo crescia cada vez mais na fronteira oriental da Ucrânia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Putin relatou: “A Rússia foi forçada a responder a cada passo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A situação continua piorando e se deteriorando. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">E estamos aqui hoje, numa situação em que somos obrigados a resolver de alguma forma”.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Acompanhando a proposta final de negociações da Rússia, em dezembro de 2021, Putin enfatizou que tinha “uma faca na garganta” e “não há mais para onde recuar”.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Sua proposta novamente caiu em ouvidos surdos.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Até agora, a Rússia havia reunido um exército de mais de 100.000 soldados em sua fronteira ocidental com a Ucrânia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em frente a eles, a própria Ucrânia acumulou um exército, cuja guarda avançada na década anterior conseguiu matar cerca de 14.000 ucranianos do leste que resistiam ao golpe de Maidan. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Como ameaça adicional, a OTAN havia enviado tropas adicionais e armamentos maciços para seus países membros ao longo da fronteira russa.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Rússia negou repetida e firmemente as acusações dos EUA de que estava se preparando para invadir a Ucrânia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O próprio presidente ucraniano Zelensky parecia não acreditar.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A intenção da OTAN era precipitar um ataque. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Do ponto de vista legal, era imperativo não ser identificado como o agressor. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Rússia também estava ciente disso. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A presença iminente do exército russo na fronteira pretendia ser uma tática de negociação, uma demonstração vigorosa da exigência de segurança da Rússia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A liderança russa devia isso ao seu povo: a responsabilidade de proteger.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ao invés de preparação para o ataque, a aparição de 100.000 soldados russos foi mais como uma greve de fome. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">No caso de ambos, o fracasso é a morte, e aí reside sua força, mas também sua fraqueza. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O grevista de fome depende do interesse de seu captor em sua sobrevivência, e isso só funciona se ele se importar.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em fevereiro, o presidente dos EUA, Biden, estava dançando bastante com a notícia de que a Rússia estava à beira de um ataque. </span><sup style="line-height: 0.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Em 15 de</sup><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> fevereiro </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">, a OSCE informou que houve 41 bombardeios do Donbas pelo exército ucraniano. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Isso aumentou para 756 no dia seguinte, depois 316, 654, 1.413, 2.026, 2.026, 1.484, nos dias sucessivos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Rússia, convencida de que um ataque era iminente, desesperada por negociações, persuadida pelas informações contidas em um e-mail hackeado e ciente do perigo de esperar mais, lançou sua “operação especial”.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O resto é história como dizem. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Lembre-se de que o casus belli original da Rússia era que a Ucrânia jurasse não se tornar o inimigo oficial da Rússia ao ingressar na OTAN. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Isso foi tudo.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Para isso, o presidente Zelensky sacrificou seu país. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em imagens inacreditáveis, ele armava avós e crianças (há fotos de velhas sendo instruídas no uso de armas automáticas!) para embelezar a imagem de um pequeno país valente enfrentando um monstro. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Logo o país estava inundado de armas, milhões estavam fugindo e pessoas de outros países estavam indo para a Ucrânia em busca de oportunidades de combate “perfis de coragem”.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O apoio do Congresso americano foi praticamente unânime. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O AUMF tinha sido atualizado sem um murmúrio. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O presidente Biden fez comentários inflamados como “Este criminoso não deve permanecer no poder!” </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Finlândia e a Suécia pediram a adesão à OTAN.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Noam Chomsky, em entrevista de 12 de maio </span><sup style="line-height: 0.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">à</sup><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> Rádio Alternativa, condenou a invasão de Putin: “Se Putin fosse um estadista, teria feito algo bem diferente… tem incitado a negociação e, com eles, tentou engajar o resto das nações da OTAN para considerar a diplomacia para fornecer uma resolução para a violência na Ucrânia.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Colocada em um contexto histórico, a condenação de Chomsky é falsa. </span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"> </em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A ideia de Macron para as negociações foi rapidamente suprimida por outros membros da OTAN. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Como ilustrado acima, o presidente Putin e o ministro das Relações Exteriores Lavrov usaram todas as vias possíveis e todas as oportunidades para negociar suas questões urgentes.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">E os EUA e a OTAN estão em pé de guerra há décadas e claramente não seriam dissuadidos desta vez. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Biden havia declarado que não permitirá violações da supremacia dos EUA: “não vai acontecer no meu turno”.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A China, é claro, é o principal inimigo: nas palavras de Anthony Blinken “o desafio mais sério à ordem mundial liderada pelos EUA a longo prazo”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas a Rússia é um alvo mais próximo. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A administração está fixada na reeleição, e a guerra é uma maneira tradicional de ganhar popularidade. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Ucrânia tem muitas facetas de interesse humano comoventes. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As fachadas de prédios antigos em ruínas, aldeias rústicas com animais vadios, crianças com soldados, são um banquete para a mídia e a indústria de armamentos.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Nancy Pelosi assegura ao presidente Zelensky que os EUA apoiarão a guerra da Ucrânia “até a vitória”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Outros membros do Congresso falam de persistência “até a última gota de sangue ucraniano”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mais e mais bilhões foram alegremente fornecidos, pela população dos EUA, para destruir a Ucrânia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Lloyd Austin torna pública a informação de que um objetivo dos EUA nesta cogestão do conflito na Ucrânia é “enfraquecer a Rússia”, uma preocupação que pouco tem a ver com a Ucrânia e nada a ver com salvar vidas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O fluxo de armas cada vez mais poderosas cria um espetáculo de hidra confrontando os russos: quanto mais cabeças são cortadas, mais voltam a crescer.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mais destruição, mais morte.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Nosso deputado Huffman, muito liberal, exorta “não podemos deixá-los vencer!” </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">em suas entrevistas semanais de rádio.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Além de sermos fornecedores de armas, somos ativos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A inteligência dos EUA e a orientação de armas foram cúmplices nos assassinatos de 12 generais russos e no naufrágio do Moskva, nave estelar da Marinha Russa.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O presidente Biden escreveu em 1º de junho </span><sup style="line-height: 0.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">que</sup><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> “se a Rússia não pagar um alto preço por suas ações, enviará uma mensagem a outros possíveis agressores…”</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">É claro que a Rússia já pagou um preço muito alto, uma parte especialmente cruel do fato de ter destruído parte de si mesma, sua alma, sua história. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas o pronunciamento de Biden é certamente uma advertência contra cruzar a OTAN ou os EUA, e é semelhante a declarações de propósito e objetivos, feitas por promotores nos tribunais de Nuremberg.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O TPI está na Ucrânia coletando provas de crimes de guerra. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Nenhuma evidência é necessária para acusar o presidente Putin de travar uma guerra de agressão. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">É digno de nota, no entanto, que a agressão pela qual os réus de Nuremberg foram condenados ocorreu no contexto de circunstâncias muito diferentes. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eles não tiveram que enfrentar o poder militar mais poderoso que o mundo já viu. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Nenhuma de suas vítimas estava remotamente pronta.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A Ucrânia estava muito pronta. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Foi uma armação, e Putin perdeu o equilíbrio primeiro.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O TPI está, sem dúvida, descobrindo fatos sobre crimes contra a humanidade e crimes que violam as leis da guerra. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Muito depende aqui da integridade dos investigadores, pois há evidências de que alguns dos supostos crimes foram encenados ou identidades trocadas (crematórios móveis, etc.)</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O crime formulado por Nuremberg, o crime de conspiração para cometer uma guerra de agressão, no entanto, deve ser colocado aos pés da OTAN e dos EUA. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Apenas oito dos 22 réus originais de Nuremberg foram condenados por essa acusação. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O acórdão considerou que havia uma conspiração premeditada para cometer crimes contra a paz, cujos objetivos eram “a perturbação da ordem europeia tal como existia desde o Tratado de Versalhes”, posteriormente reduzida a “uma conspiração para travar uma guerra agressiva”.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">No presente caso, a afirmação muitas vezes repetida de que a agressão da Rússia não foi provocada é absurda. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As afirmações dos EUA de seus direitos de domínio são fundamentadas por uma ampla oferta de declarações como</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">“Procuramos conectar nossos esforços em domínios, teatros e espectros de conflito para garantir que os militares dos EUA, em estreita cooperação com o resto do governo dos EUA e nossos aliados e parceiros, deixem a loucura e os custos da agressão muito claros”- Kathleen H. Hicks, Secretária Adjunta de Defesa.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A presença opressiva desse domínio fervilhante e oficioso, deliberadamente provocativo, em todo o mundo, e encarnado na linha ameaçadora de bases militares e mísseis ao longo da fronteira da Rússia, é uma conspiração, uma ameaça, para cometer o crime de guerra agressiva.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Um custo que os cidadãos pagam por esse tipo de assertividade totalitária também é expresso no julgamento de Nuremberg: “Foi realmente o recuo dos golpes nazistas em liberdade que destruiu o regime nazista. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eles derrubaram a liberdade de expressão e de imprensa e outras liberdades que passam como direitos civis comuns para nós, tão completamente que nem mesmo seus mais altos oficiais ousaram avisar o povo ou o Führer que eles estavam tomando o caminho da destruição. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O julgamento de Nuremberg colocou a caligrafia na parede para o opressor, bem como para o oprimido ler.”</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">De fato. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Muitos comentaristas ativos e respeitados, especialistas e ex-militares tiveram seu acesso aos meios de comunicação rescindidos, contratos quebrados, cargos perdidos, porque eles não entraram na onda da guerra.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Devemos ouvir todas as vozes. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Putin propôs urgentemente uma arquitetura de segurança remodelada, rápida diminuição de armas e multipolaridade na tomada de decisões, coletivamente projetada sob os auspícios das Nações Unidas, para substituir o atual domínio unipolar do planeta. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">As consequências de tal transformação seriam monumentais e, se projetadas com sabedoria, extremamente terapêuticas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Suas ideias podem melhorar nossas chances de sobrevivência, pois somos forçados a enfrentar o clima, as doenças e as catástrofes ecológicas que podem estar por vir.</span></span></p></div><div style="font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><p class="author_description" style="color: #111111; font-family: SSit; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; max-width: 680px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><em style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><strong style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ellen Taylor</span></span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> pode ser contatada em </span></span><a href="mailto:ellenetaylor@yahoo.com" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">ellenetaylor@yahoo.com</span></span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> .</span></span></em></p></div>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-87470749938553959132022-05-19T17:20:00.000-07:002022-05-19T17:20:05.994-07:00<p> https://www.theepochtimes.com/book-review-nazi-billionaires-the-dark-history-of-germanys-wealthiest-dynasties_4460036.html?utm_source=ref_share&utm_campaign=copy&rs=0&</p>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-56432868944088300782022-03-31T18:11:00.004-07:002022-03-31T18:11:47.650-07:00A nota alusiva ao golpe reforça a húbris fardada: anacrônica, pedestre e cansativa. <p> </p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; color: #666666; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td align="left" bgcolor="transparent" class="m_-6602546566890132237padding" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 9px 18px; word-break: break-word;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;">Mas tem um parágrafo incontestável. Os iludidos que um dia acreditaram na derrubada da Lei da Anistia, imposta pelos militares, e na punição dos facínoras dos porões da ditadura hoje se contentariam com um gesto bem mais prosaico: <strong>que as Forças Armadas parassem de envergonhar o Brasil com as comemorações do 31 de março</strong>.</p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;">Lá se vão 37 anos do que parte da intelectualidade insiste em chamar de redemocratização, da devolução tutelada do poder aos civis, e o País continua chantageado pelas baionetas. Entrincheirados em ministérios, estatais e mais de 7 mil cargos de confiança, os generais nunca estiveram tão convencidos de sua superioridade intelectual e moral, notórias qualidades dos generais Eduardo Pazuello e Augusto Heleno, expoentes do pensamento das casernas. Tamanho brilhantismo ofusca.</p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;">Assinada pelo ministro Walter Braga Netto, futuro companheiro de chapa de Jair Bolsonaro, e pelos comandantes das três forças, a nota alusiva ao golpe, <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://t.rdsv1.net/ls/click?upn%3DycM0uJGvSJZHL6G76JN7-2BSz0deygqBkfrym-2FJKRdJ98aJV5Ib7mOU9iSIPeb6T9aeKY33ZGhZQMtbnk-2FNQgYrgtx4e4YBTXO6dvshxX12vvxitE7-2BMiMzMMLBrFkbp-2BZEEjD9IneIFLDp7f89M-2BBCYS-2BsesXPTfTu2r4xbWsEYMhwldPt8nUYgH9QLW2qYd7uKjv3yRmklfzfSGI0ucKw2v1LkNPUxJzPe2F048m2hDZaDMRIGrI-2FOpkaB4zrBBcKswUn81mJrZA5zM7fzmLtw-3D-3DqNL5_REXExXH-2FxhAOxDvmhC4uFqhVuobiYH8gzLfC7U6Z-2Ffp1TV3wWilFWgq0m-2F5VKT8ITCVv8864Jqq1catmmaKALVCD9qN5tVqoSDQG5-2BE0re2W53QEXW9OYKx0U9xvlAjGDRRvXGsjPG-2BjjC0157n73bILv9ik-2B6GS3LQUfcjbnaksiA3RbyCA3jkHGRUCYCPX1hF9owQ-2FhDfEOzGGKDkkPRNLafkDLuCT4FsemnFPuTf3oNxKuCC8e43mVFbksG9CJ9U6e0omBOJVdyq3B-2BzZXiwQT1arcVHUHPoNMx8ER55dJj6eCShX8faoRbQQOwRdZhhGeRzYOZKeBSEX-2B1Of0u8cvuenYLDB-2FCj6bPA94xRePvqLSeA3YW7GmA5HEe33DmP2PYmtuBEGqHIAr-2F6rBEIUn28PBemdbbvALJEDqHWDkf1DeQTddIgn8FzgLvUQBW6iNEarSf7-2F3-2BM0jZvka4BROrKgZ0p-2FcxMSvwfZI-2BTbJQfO9LUFBB3uI9y-2B2lGCutbuGMp4TWcf3A-2Ffl4yT-2FdJfOMYBdYe2kkmlzornKMeiarmIn78on90PNSbhL7ISThN-2F3LMWJ9aE29Gv3XuHx0Yvrj7IBT-2FaPsEUc8-2BXP-2B6-2Bp-2BtEgSkcRsx-2F-2F8GgdqIFNEHiPaYCUfYLocDcRDJgYq79c3U2SX6cmGE3D4nzZOI-3D&source=gmail&ust=1648859502665000&usg=AOvVaw2QV-UcQimrioYNAwRuburk" href="https://t.rdsv1.net/ls/click?upn=ycM0uJGvSJZHL6G76JN7-2BSz0deygqBkfrym-2FJKRdJ98aJV5Ib7mOU9iSIPeb6T9aeKY33ZGhZQMtbnk-2FNQgYrgtx4e4YBTXO6dvshxX12vvxitE7-2BMiMzMMLBrFkbp-2BZEEjD9IneIFLDp7f89M-2BBCYS-2BsesXPTfTu2r4xbWsEYMhwldPt8nUYgH9QLW2qYd7uKjv3yRmklfzfSGI0ucKw2v1LkNPUxJzPe2F048m2hDZaDMRIGrI-2FOpkaB4zrBBcKswUn81mJrZA5zM7fzmLtw-3D-3DqNL5_REXExXH-2FxhAOxDvmhC4uFqhVuobiYH8gzLfC7U6Z-2Ffp1TV3wWilFWgq0m-2F5VKT8ITCVv8864Jqq1catmmaKALVCD9qN5tVqoSDQG5-2BE0re2W53QEXW9OYKx0U9xvlAjGDRRvXGsjPG-2BjjC0157n73bILv9ik-2B6GS3LQUfcjbnaksiA3RbyCA3jkHGRUCYCPX1hF9owQ-2FhDfEOzGGKDkkPRNLafkDLuCT4FsemnFPuTf3oNxKuCC8e43mVFbksG9CJ9U6e0omBOJVdyq3B-2BzZXiwQT1arcVHUHPoNMx8ER55dJj6eCShX8faoRbQQOwRdZhhGeRzYOZKeBSEX-2B1Of0u8cvuenYLDB-2FCj6bPA94xRePvqLSeA3YW7GmA5HEe33DmP2PYmtuBEGqHIAr-2F6rBEIUn28PBemdbbvALJEDqHWDkf1DeQTddIgn8FzgLvUQBW6iNEarSf7-2F3-2BM0jZvka4BROrKgZ0p-2FcxMSvwfZI-2BTbJQfO9LUFBB3uI9y-2B2lGCutbuGMp4TWcf3A-2Ffl4yT-2FdJfOMYBdYe2kkmlzornKMeiarmIn78on90PNSbhL7ISThN-2F3LMWJ9aE29Gv3XuHx0Yvrj7IBT-2FaPsEUc8-2BXP-2B6-2Bp-2BtEgSkcRsx-2F-2F8GgdqIFNEHiPaYCUfYLocDcRDJgYq79c3U2SX6cmGE3D4nzZOI-3D" rel="noopener" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">divulgada</a> na quarta-feira 31, <strong>exala o cheiro de mofo da Guerra Fria – </strong>não a atual, mas aquela dos tempos do telex, da Polaroid e dos thrillers de John Lé Carré.</p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;">É tão atual quanto o <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://t.rdsv1.net/ls/click?upn%3DycM0uJGvSJZHL6G76JN7-2BSz0deygqBkfrym-2FJKRdJ98aJV5Ib7mOU9iSIPeb6T9aN4GSfYNIhyzT1JKI2Wr0Rn2pMDE6po9lYdkaZcIvNMtHa0TH7C4B-2FEZiSBzuDFO1XWawT8xhjWjT44e0ESbmSvQlOTfwZ0-2FFM-2B-2FdfZFjCKGuEJIZFhn-2FUOzq-2FhzHPcKieo7R4Bzv6r16iYpoyNi8FllsiowWoYXCguY4FoPo18H6LFNsKA-2BME1WY2TlEZo5FwWZbNXY770XwLq-2F0LM7JkXttR6DUIiGtQqHgy4dH7BtGa-2FaqMq7qXoyBvhwB7rueulLiNnFwrQ0x-2FG6rq2BA8A-3D-3DShBu_REXExXH-2FxhAOxDvmhC4uFqhVuobiYH8gzLfC7U6Z-2Ffp1TV3wWilFWgq0m-2F5VKT8ITCVv8864Jqq1catmmaKALVCD9qN5tVqoSDQG5-2BE0re2W53QEXW9OYKx0U9xvlAjGDRRvXGsjPG-2BjjC0157n73bILv9ik-2B6GS3LQUfcjbnaksiA3RbyCA3jkHGRUCYCPX1hF9owQ-2FhDfEOzGGKDkkPRNLafkDLuCT4FsemnFPuTf3oNxKuCC8e43mVFbksG9CJ9U6e0omBOJVdyq3B-2BzZXiwQT1arcVHUHPoNMx8ER55dJj6eCShX8faoRbQQOwRdZhhGeRzYOZKeBSEX-2B1Of0u8cvuenYLDB-2FCj6bPA94xRePvqLSeA3YW7GmA5HEe33DmP2PYmtuBEGqHIAr-2F6rBEIUn28PBemdbbvALJEDqHWDkf1DeQTddIgn8FzgLvUQBW6iNEarSf7-2F3-2BM0jZvka4BROrKgZ0p-2FcxMSvwfZI-2BTbJQfO9LUFBB3uI9y-2B2lGCutbuGMp4TWcf3A-2Ffl4yT-2FSfUYIF5FRYBUV0V-2F38S8ORgQ6uamClAckpvhbZESZjdYDJORCsuksnh0yVCyLirr7QBf-2BigXBtcg6-2FBszGeeJGBk3Jk4dknZxtjt6cMKBuZ2HGPrX9keKRBUANJaqi1We8L-2FG2lay8yUY1rJM2Qz-2Fg-3D&source=gmail&ust=1648859502665000&usg=AOvVaw2W3keuB0G5TZimIEuVDned" href="https://t.rdsv1.net/ls/click?upn=ycM0uJGvSJZHL6G76JN7-2BSz0deygqBkfrym-2FJKRdJ98aJV5Ib7mOU9iSIPeb6T9aN4GSfYNIhyzT1JKI2Wr0Rn2pMDE6po9lYdkaZcIvNMtHa0TH7C4B-2FEZiSBzuDFO1XWawT8xhjWjT44e0ESbmSvQlOTfwZ0-2FFM-2B-2FdfZFjCKGuEJIZFhn-2FUOzq-2FhzHPcKieo7R4Bzv6r16iYpoyNi8FllsiowWoYXCguY4FoPo18H6LFNsKA-2BME1WY2TlEZo5FwWZbNXY770XwLq-2F0LM7JkXttR6DUIiGtQqHgy4dH7BtGa-2FaqMq7qXoyBvhwB7rueulLiNnFwrQ0x-2FG6rq2BA8A-3D-3DShBu_REXExXH-2FxhAOxDvmhC4uFqhVuobiYH8gzLfC7U6Z-2Ffp1TV3wWilFWgq0m-2F5VKT8ITCVv8864Jqq1catmmaKALVCD9qN5tVqoSDQG5-2BE0re2W53QEXW9OYKx0U9xvlAjGDRRvXGsjPG-2BjjC0157n73bILv9ik-2B6GS3LQUfcjbnaksiA3RbyCA3jkHGRUCYCPX1hF9owQ-2FhDfEOzGGKDkkPRNLafkDLuCT4FsemnFPuTf3oNxKuCC8e43mVFbksG9CJ9U6e0omBOJVdyq3B-2BzZXiwQT1arcVHUHPoNMx8ER55dJj6eCShX8faoRbQQOwRdZhhGeRzYOZKeBSEX-2B1Of0u8cvuenYLDB-2FCj6bPA94xRePvqLSeA3YW7GmA5HEe33DmP2PYmtuBEGqHIAr-2F6rBEIUn28PBemdbbvALJEDqHWDkf1DeQTddIgn8FzgLvUQBW6iNEarSf7-2F3-2BM0jZvka4BROrKgZ0p-2FcxMSvwfZI-2BTbJQfO9LUFBB3uI9y-2B2lGCutbuGMp4TWcf3A-2Ffl4yT-2FSfUYIF5FRYBUV0V-2F38S8ORgQ6uamClAckpvhbZESZjdYDJORCsuksnh0yVCyLirr7QBf-2BigXBtcg6-2FBszGeeJGBk3Jk4dknZxtjt6cMKBuZ2HGPrX9keKRBUANJaqi1We8L-2FG2lay8yUY1rJM2Qz-2Fg-3D" rel="noopener" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">blindado da parada militar</a> de agosto do ano passado que sonhava ter asas e integrar a Esquadrilha da Fumaça. Exuma o cadáver do comunismo e diz que 21 anos de ditadura “salvaram” a democracia da iminência de uma revolução socialista. Anos de terapia não serão suficientes para superar a regressão. Só quem é capaz, a esta altura, de enxergar comunistas em cada esquina pode equiparar João Goulart, um estancieiro de ideias reformistas, a Lenin ou Fidel Castro.</p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;">A nota reforça a húbris fardada: anacrônica, pedestre e cansativa. Mas é incontestável em um parágrafo, quando envia um recado aos antigos parceiros civis que, como os militares, atravessaram incólumes os anos pós-ditadura. <em>“Em março de 1964”</em>, diz o texto, <em>“as famílias, as igrejas, os empresários, os políticos, a imprensa (destaco este ponto), a Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, as Forças Armadas e a sociedade <strong>em geral aliaram-se, reagiram e mobilizaram-se nas ruas</strong>, para estabelecer a ordem e para impedir que um regime totalitário fosse implementado”.</em></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;">Bolsonaro não é um acidente de percurso. <strong>Resulta da covardia dos civis em estabelecer a verdade e impor autoridade</strong>, como aconteceu na Argentina, no Chile e no Uruguai. <strong>Fossem outras as escolhas, os militares se limitariam a cumprir as patrióticas missões que justificam o soldo mensal</strong> e o rigoroso treinamento: varrer calçadas e pintar paredes.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; color: #666666; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td align="center" bgcolor="transparent" style="font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 9px 18px;"><img alt="" border="0" class="m_-6602546566890132237img-max CToWUd a6T" src="https://ci6.googleusercontent.com/proxy/ou_0Qg4nZ6_ihhRfm344khbTCiznqf_aWmVfVYWtnGvpvSVR1CLuCiE55lIJRqw9q4r5VVMXYsNhWWBY8rzHU3gcXjdhu14frBeTVNKtOY1JJ8ZTpA_kLGD5iuOMeNU=s0-d-e1-ft#https://d335luupugsy2.cloudfront.net/cms/files/41575/1648146126/$ju6j56pvp5j" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: auto; line-height: 16px; max-width: 564px; outline: none; vertical-align: bottom;" tabindex="0" width="564" /></td></tr></tbody></table>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-12992615460441178552022-03-31T17:13:00.003-07:002022-03-31T17:13:28.250-07:00Eleanor Marx: A última palavra<p> <span style="font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; 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font-size: 17.6px; margin: 0px; max-width: 680px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><div class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_238283" style="height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: 690px; word-break: break-word;"><img alt="" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-238283" class="wp-image-238283 size-medium" height="447" sizes="(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px" src="https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Screen-Shot-2022-03-29-at-11.42.29-AM-680x447.png" srcset="https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Screen-Shot-2022-03-29-at-11.42.29-AM-680x447.png 680w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Screen-Shot-2022-03-29-at-11.42.29-AM-959x630.png 959w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Screen-Shot-2022-03-29-at-11.42.29-AM-768x504.png 768w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Screen-Shot-2022-03-29-at-11.42.29-AM-500x328.png 500w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Screen-Shot-2022-03-29-at-11.42.29-AM-600x394.png 600w, https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Screen-Shot-2022-03-29-at-11.42.29-AM.png 1334w" style="border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;" width="680" /><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-238283" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Source Sans Pro"; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.3em 0px 20px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eleanor Marx aos 18 anos, em 1873.</span></p></div><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">No ano passado, a </span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">New Yorker</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> publicou o ensaio de Paul McCartney sobre como ele escreveu “Eleanor Rigby”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Acontece que o personagem principal foi baseado em uma velha que ele conheceu em sua infância e o nome dela não era Eleanor; </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">pode ter sido Daisy Hawkins, mas isso não funcionou no esquema com o </span></span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">padre MacKenzie (verso dois), então ele criou “Eleanor” de Eleanor Bron, que trabalhou no filme </em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"></span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Help</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> dos Beatles </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">, e “Rigby” depois de uma placa de loja ele viu em Bristol.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Durante o primeiro ano de pandemia, escrevi minha própria música sobre uma Eleanor: Eleanor “Tussy” Marx, que morreu neste dia, 31 de março de 1898. Dei por mim lendo </span><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.amazon.com/Love-Capital-Jenny-Birth-Revolution/dp/0316066125/ref%3Dsr_1_2?crid%3D2AQMPYUT0H65J%26keywords%3Dmary%2Bgabriel%26qid%3D1648568199%26s%3Dbooks%26sprefix%3Dmary%2BGabriel,stripbooks,142%26sr%3D1-2&source=gmail&ust=1648747673576000&usg=AOvVaw1_3qAijBfrHcFuGQvVpQVi" href="https://www.amazon.com/Love-Capital-Jenny-Birth-Revolution/dp/0316066125/ref=sr_1_2?crid=2AQMPYUT0H65J&keywords=mary+gabriel&qid=1648568199&s=books&sprefix=mary+Gabriel,stripbooks,142&sr=1-2" rel="noopener" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Love and Capital: Karl and Jenny Marx and the Birth of Mary Gabriel. a Revolution</span></a><i style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"> </i><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> que conta a história épica de Karl, sua esposa Jenny von Westphalen e suas filhas, Laura, Jenny (Jennychen) e Eleanor. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Havia outros também - Karl e Jenny na verdade tiveram sete filhos, mas apenas três sobreviveram até a idade adulta. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Todas as três filhas - e seus cônjuges - desempenharam um papel no movimento socialista, mas foi Tussy quem estava mais próximo de Marx e Engels e o mais ativo politicamente.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Pela </span><a href="https://bookshop.org/a/81622/9781620409701" rel="noopener" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">biografia de Rachel Holmes</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , fiquei sabendo que Eleanor Marx havia feito a primeira tradução para o inglês de </span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Madame Bovary</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , de Flaubert, e achei que já era hora de ler isso também. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O romance foi escandaloso por sua descrição de adultério e o jornal que o publicou foi julgado por obscenidade em 1857. Também criou um alvoroço na Inglaterra, onde foi secretamente colocado na lista negra até a década de 1950, com arquivos do governo mostrando que policiais estavam sob ordens comprar e destruir as cópias que encontraram.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A primeira metade de </span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Madame Bovary</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> é lenta – talvez Flaubert quisesse ilustrar como era tediosa a vida burguesa nas províncias – mas o romance muda para outra marcha quando Emma embarca em seus casos com Rodolphe e Léon, e é difícil parar. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Aqui está o spoiler necessário: a fictícia Emma Bovary, indigente e com o coração partido, se mata tomando uma dose de arsênico.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eleanor Marx nasceu em 16 de janeiro de 1855, e Julian Barnes sugere que Emma Bovary também “nasceu” por volta de 1855, quando o romance serializado apareceu pela primeira vez na </span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Revue de Paris</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> em 1856.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O bebê Tussy foi vacinado contra a varíola, em conformidade com a Lei de Vacinação do Parlamento Inglês de 1853, que exigia a vacinação obrigatória para bebês. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Os Marx, que já haviam perdido dois filhos e uma filha para a doença na infância, ficaram felizes em seguir o mandato, e isso pode ter salvado sua vida – sua mãe contraiu varíola em 1860 e nunca se recuperou totalmente.</span></span><a href="https://deanwareham.com/shop#!" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><img alt="" class="alignright wp-image-238306" height="273" loading="lazy" src="https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Screen-Shot-2022-03-29-at-7.51.59-PM.png" style="border: 0px; display: block; float: right; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em; word-break: break-word;" width="181" /></a></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A educação formal não era uma opção para as meninas na Inglaterra da década de 1860, mas Eleanor frequentou o South Hampstead College for Ladies e seus professores em casa eram excelentes: Marx, Engels (quando ele o visitava) e a parceira de Engels, Lizzy Burns, que não podia nem ler nem escrever, mas interessou Eleanor na causa da independência irlandesa. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Desde tenra idade, ela acompanhava seu pai à sala de leitura do Museu Britânico e, aos nove anos, escrevia cartas a Abraham Lincoln, cartas que seu pai fingia enviar, mas compartilhava com Engels. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Aos quatorze anos, ela estava auxiliando Marx e Engels em suas pesquisas. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Aprendeu alemão e francês e mais tarde estudou norueguês com o único propósito de traduzir Ibsen.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Rachel Holmes argumenta que o movimento feminista data propriamente da década de 1870, não da década de 1970, e considera Eleanor Marx a antepassada do feminismo socialista. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O direito de voto na Inglaterra baseava-se na propriedade; </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">os homens da classe trabalhadora não podiam votar, e as mulheres não podiam votar, independentemente de seu status social. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eleanor apoiou o apelo ao sufrágio feminino, mas sempre enquadrou a questão dos direitos das mulheres, como “a questão do sexo e sua base econômica”, ou seja, tratou-a na perspectiva da classe trabalhadora. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">“As mulheres são criaturas de uma tirania organizada de homens”, escreveu ela, “assim como os trabalhadores são criaturas de uma tirania organizada de ociosos”.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eleanor foi a primeira biógrafa de seu pai, escrevendo um importante artigo para a revista </span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Progress</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> sobre sua vida e sobre a teoria da mais-valia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Organizou as primeiras seções sindicais femininas e foi dirigente do Sindicato dos Trabalhadores do Gás e dos Trabalhadores Gerais (hoje GMB, que todos os anos homenageiam em seu nome).</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Tanto Eleanor quanto Emma, escreve Julian Barnes, levavam uma vida de irregularidades sexuais aos olhos das pessoas de pensamento correto. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Para Emma Bovary, essa irregularidade foi uma série de casos de adultério. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Para Eleanor Marx, significou viver quinze anos em um relacionamento aberto, uma união livre, com Edward Aveling, que conheceu em 1884, na sala de leitura do Museu Britânico. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Aveling era membro da Sociedade Secular, darwinista, zoólogo, ator-dramaturgo, crítico literário, socialista e, segundo todos os relatos, um cafajeste, um tomador de empréstimo compulsivo e um segurador de cheques.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">“Ele tem olhos e rosto de lagarto”, escreveu seu amigo George Bernard Shaw, e muitos de seus amigos recusaram convites para jantar se achassem que Aveling poderia estar lá. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Então, talvez o “livre” em seu sindicato livre fosse principalmente para Edward, que gastava seu dinheiro e cuidava de seus negócios enquanto ela trabalhava incansavelmente para os movimentos socialistas e trabalhistas e trabalhava como professora e tradutora para pagar suas contas.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em 1886, ela completou sua tradução de </span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Madame Bovary</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , bem como de </span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">History of the Paris Commune</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , de Lissagaray, e encenou a primeira leitura de </span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">A Doll's House</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , de Ibsen, na Inglaterra, enquanto também co-escreveu (com Aveling) </span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">The Woman Question: From a Socialist Point of View,</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> sobre a opressão da mulher e como ela afeta tanto homens quanto mulheres. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Holmes o descreve como uma síntese de Marx, Engels, Wollstonecraft e Mary Shelley.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Naquele ano, os Marx-Avelings viajaram pelos Estados Unidos, a convite do Partido Socialista Trabalhista. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ela abominava os anarquistas e suas táticas, mas ainda fazia discursos em defesa dos anarquistas de Chicago que foram enquadrados e sentenciados à morte após o incidente de Haymarket Square em maio daquele ano. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ela e Aveling escreveram um tratado sobre o movimento socialista nos Estados Unidos. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ela estava na Trafalgar Square no Domingo Sangrento, 13 de novembro de 1887, marchando na frente do comício quando a polícia começou a espancar as pessoas.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em 1895, Eleanor comprou uma pequena casa em 7 Jews Walk, no subúrbio londrino de Sydenham, onde morava com Edward, e continuou a editar os ensaios de Marx e Engels para publicação. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Aveling passou muito tempo em Londres e levou uma vida secreta, pedindo dinheiro emprestado compulsivamente. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele tinha uma dívida considerável com GB Shaw, que, no entanto, continuou a emprestar-lhe dinheiro apenas porque Shaw estava desenvolvendo uma peça, </span></span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">The Doctor's Dilemma,</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> com um personagem principal degenerado baseado em Aveling, e disse que queria observar seu comportamento.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em 8 de junho de 1897, Aveling se casou secretamente com uma jovem atriz, Eva Frye, usando um nome falso na certidão de casamento. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ele deixou Eleanor sem nenhuma explicação, mas no final do ano, ficou gravemente doente (doença renal e um abscesso recorrente) e voltou para a casa de Sydenham sem dizer onde estava.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Aveling já havia sido casado antes e sempre dizia às pessoas que sua primeira esposa - Isabel Campbell Frank - não lhe daria o divórcio e, portanto, ele não poderia se casar com Eleanor. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">De fato, Isabel morreu em 1892; </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Aveling havia tomado sua herança e comprado propriedades que mantinha escondidas.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">No início de 1898, as coisas estavam se aproximando, ela estava sob pressão financeira com as consideráveis contas médicas de Aveling, e os amigos insistiram para que ela o deixasse. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mas ela permaneceu perdoando, a uma falha.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">“Querido Freddy”, escreveu ela ao amigo da família Frederick Demuth, “vejo cada vez mais que o erro é apenas uma doença moral, e o moralmente saudável . </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">não estão aptos a julgar a condição do doente moral, assim como a pessoa fisicamente saudável dificilmente pode perceber a condição do doente fisicamente”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A maioria dos historiadores acredita que Demuth era de fato seu meio-irmão, filho ilegítimo de Karl Marx com Helene Demuth.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Na última semana de março, uma carta anônima finalmente a alertou sobre o casamento de Aveling com Eva Frye. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Na manhã de 31 de março, eles brigaram alto e Edward pegou um trem para Londres. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eleanor enviou sua empregada Gertrude Gentry ao farmacêutico com um bilhete, assinado “EA” e o cartão de visita de Aveling anexado, pedindo clorofórmio e “ácido prússico (cianeto) para cachorro”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ao receber o pacote, ela tirou a vida da mesma forma que Emma Bovary.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Gertrude encontrou Eleanor morta em sua cama, em seu vestido de verão de musselina branca, o rosto e as mãos ficando azuis. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Um médico foi chamado — o Dr. Henry Shackleton, cujo filho Ernest mais tarde explorou a Antártida. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">O relatório do legista concluiu: “suicídio por ingestão de ácido prússico no momento de trabalhar sob perturbação mental”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Sua morte foi registrada em Sydenham: “Eleanor Marx, 40 anos, uma mulher solteira”. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Na verdade, ela tinha quarenta e três anos.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Ela deixou um pequeno bilhete para Aveling:</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Querido, em breve tudo estará acabado. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Minha última palavra para você é a mesma que eu disse durante esses longos e tristes anos – amor.</span></span></em></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eu decidi pegar essa linha de partir o coração e escrever uma música em torno dela. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">A linha se encaixava melhor na ponte de quatro acordes, mas ainda assim tive que cortar essa última palavra – amor – para encaixar na melodia. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eu estou bem com isso, eu meio que gosto de cantar sobre a palavra sem nomeá-la. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Talvez eu devesse ter usado o truque de Paul, onde a ponte – “Ah, olhe para todas as pessoas solitárias” – </span></span><em style="font-family: SSit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">começa</em><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> a música.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eu me sinto um pouco mórbido ao focar em sua morte quando sua vida é tão inspiradora, mas contar essa história de vida significaria escrever uma ópera e isso é melhor deixar para McCartney.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><strong style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">ps</strong><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> Jennifer Julia Eleanor Marx foi cremada no Crematório de Woking, e suas cinzas tiveram sua própria história - trazidas primeiro para os escritórios da SDF, depois de posse do Partido Socialista Britânico e depois do Partido Comunista Britânico, depois transferidas para a Biblioteca Memorial Marx em Clerkenwell Green, onde foram exibidos em uma estante na sala Lenin. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Em 1956, quando o túmulo de Karl & Jenny foi construído no cemitério de Highgate, seus restos mortais foram enterrados ao lado deles.</span></span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><strong style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">pps</strong><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> Edward Aveling durou apenas quatro meses a mais, sucumbindo à doença renal em 2 de agosto de 1898.</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NV3BODa-rg8" style="display: block; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;" title="Reprodutor de vídeo do YouTube" width="560"></iframe></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><strong style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">A última palavra</strong></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eu me apaixonei por um cad comunista</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Uma união livre, ele me deixou louco</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Não é maravilhoso, não é legal</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Trabalho e capital, valor e preço</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Trabalho e capital, valor e preço</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eu vou te dizer uma última palavra</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eu vou te dizer uma última palavra</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eu te disse mentiras, mas nunca te enganei</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Você só ouviu o que você queria ouvir</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Mande para o químico, mande para a empregada</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Minha hora chegou, não tenho medo</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eu vou te dizer uma última palavra</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Eu vou te dizer uma última palavra</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Minha última palavra para você é a mesma que eu disse</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Durante todos esses longos anos tristes</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Minha última palavra para você é a mesma que eu disse</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Durante todos esses longos anos tristes</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Estas são as cinzas de Eleanor Marx</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Jennifer Julia Eleanor Marx</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Quem tirou a vida dela, no último dia de março</span></p><p style="color: #111111; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Jennifer Julia Eleanor Marx</span></p></div><div style="font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><p class="author_description" style="color: #111111; font-family: SSit; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; max-width: 680px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 1em; word-break: break-word;"><strong style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Dean Wareham</strong><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> fundou as bandas Galaxie 500 e Luna. </span><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">Seu álbum mais recente, </span></span><i style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://deanwareham.com/shop#!" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;">I Have Nothing to Say to the Mayor of LA</span></span></a><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> , </span></span></i><span style="margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"> foi lançado em 2021.</span></p></div>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6160528355935662350.post-24508732644734979552021-10-13T15:38:00.002-07:002021-10-13T15:38:45.412-07:00Prince, Tom Petty, Steve Winwood, Jeff Lynne and others -- "While My Gui...<iframe frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://youtube.com/embed/6SFNW5F8K9Y" style="background-image: url(https://i.ytimg.com/vi/6SFNW5F8K9Y/hqdefault.jpg);" width="480"></iframe>Peleiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06012363352784749112noreply@blogger.com0